On a model for a fair distribution of gifts

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-690
Author(s):  
János Galambos
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Fair Distribution ◽  
To Receive

A number of items are to be distributed among n individuals, arranged in a line and labelled by the integers 1, 2, ···, n, in such a way that the distance between any two members presented should be at least d, a given number, but otherwise any subset of the population should have the same probability of each of its members being presented. The number of items thus distributed is a random variable X(d, n) and it turns out that X(d, n) is asymptotically a fixed percentage of the population size n. This fact makes it possible to apply the model in a number of situations. For example, if in a foreign aid program a number of tools are offered and to be distributed in a fair way but, for lack of sufficient quantity, one tool is expected to be used by a number of neighbours, the model is applicable if the amount of aid is not fixed in advance but may vary within certain limits. A similar situation arises in cases of disaster (floods, earthquakes, etc.) when the victims are sent gifts, again in an insufficient quantity, hence for the sake of justice, a family of a smaller size is supposed to receive only one gift. In many other similar cases, the model can be used.

On a model for a fair distribution of gifts

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 681-690
Author(s):  
János Galambos
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Fair Distribution ◽  
To Receive

A number of items are to be distributed among n individuals, arranged in a line and labelled by the integers 1, 2, ···, n, in such a way that the distance between any two members presented should be at least d, a given number, but otherwise any subset of the population should have the same probability of each of its members being presented. The number of items thus distributed is a random variable X(d, n) and it turns out that X(d, n) is asymptotically a fixed percentage of the population size n. This fact makes it possible to apply the model in a number of situations. For example, if in a foreign aid program a number of tools are offered and to be distributed in a fair way but, for lack of sufficient quantity, one tool is expected to be used by a number of neighbours, the model is applicable if the amount of aid is not fixed in advance but may vary within certain limits. A similar situation arises in cases of disaster (floods, earthquakes, etc.) when the victims are sent gifts, again in an insufficient quantity, hence for the sake of justice, a family of a smaller size is supposed to receive only one gift. In many other similar cases, the model can be used.

Stochastic modelling of age-structured population with time and size dependence of immigration rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris J. Pichugin ◽  
Nikolai V. Pertsev ◽  
Valentin A. Topchii ◽  
Konstantin K. Loginov
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Structured Population Model ◽  
Immigration Rate ◽  
Structured Population ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age Structured Population

Abstract A stochastic age-structured population model with immigration of individuals is considered. We assume that the lifespan of each individual is a random variable with a distribution function which may differ fromthe exponential one. The immigration rate of individuals depends on the time and total population size. Upper estimates for the mean and variance of the population size are established based on the theory of branching processes with constant immigration rate. A Monte Carlo simulation algorithm of population dynamics is developed. The results of numerical experiments with the model are presented.

On a functional equation for general branching processes

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Doney
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Integral Equation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
General Class ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Slow Variation ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Class Of Functions

If Z(t) denotes the population size in a Bellman-Harris age-dependent branching process such that a non-denenerate random variable W, then it is known that E(W) = 1 and that ϕ (u) = E(e–uW) satisfies a well-known integral equation. In this situation Athreya [1] has recently found a NASC for E(W |log W| y) <∞, for γ > 0. This paper generalizes Athreya's results in two directions. Firstly a more general class of branching processes is considered; secondly conditions are found for E(W 1 + βL(W)) < ∞ for 0 β < 1, where L is one of a class of functions of slow variation.

scholarly journals Does a suburban reserve host a significant Carabuspopulations? A capture-recapture case study in Budapest, Hungary

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bérces Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
Habitat Islands ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
To Receive

A two season capture-recapture study was preformed between 2016-2017, focusing on the Carabus species living in a suburban park (3 hectare) in Budapest, Hungary. Eighty live-capture, non-baited pitfall traps were used in a 3 x 3 m grid in 4 rows and 20 columns, covering almost totally a forested area of 240 m2. Five Carabus species were captured, the most numerous were C. scheidleri, C. ullrichii and C. coriaceus. C. convexus and C. intricatus were captured only a few times. All Carabus species were individually marked and released. Population size and survival rate was estimated only for the C. scheidleri population using POPAN in order to receive gross population size. In total 491 C. scheidleri individuals (251 females and 239 males) were marked. Recapture rate in 2016 and 2017 were 41 and 50 percent for the total population respectively. Estimated population size varied between years, the maximum population size was 680 ± 50 specimen in 2016. In 2017 a population size of 190 ± 16 individuals were estimated. Overwintering of eight C. scheidleri and three C. ullrichii specimen were observed. Less mobile large bodied forest specialist Carabus species living in a relatively small reserve underline the importance of habitat islands in a city.

Sorting out the aid–corruption nexus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jamie Bologna Pavlik ◽  
Andrew T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Matching Methods ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Sustained Increase

Abstract We employ matching methods to explore the relationships between foreign aid flows and corruption in recipient countries. Data are drawn from recipients of foreign aid for the 1996–2013 period. We find no compelling evidence of an effect running from corruption to aid flows. Furthermore, point estimates imply that corruption reforms lead countries to receive less aid. Alternatively, we generally find that, over a 10-year horizon, a sustained increase in aid leads to more corruption in a recipient. It is the sustained nature of an aid increase that seems to be important for this effect. (We generally do not report significant results for large changes in aid that are not sustained over time.)

On the asymptotic properties of a supercritical bisexual branching process

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 820-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
General Class ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Asymptotic Properties ◽  
Almost Sure Convergence ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Convergence Result ◽  
Bisexual Population

An almost sure convergence result for the normed population size of a bisexual population model is proved. Properties of the limit random variable are deduced. The derivation of similar results for a general class of such processes is discussed.

Cabo Verde and the MCA foreign aid programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
João Resende-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
African Country ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
To Receive

AbstractIn 2005, Cabo Verde became the second African country to receive the new foreign aid programme of the USA, the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA). It was among the few recipients of a second grant. Foreign aid has always been a controversial and hotly contested issue, and the MCA is no exception. This paper, based partly on personal experience with the programme, provides a critical examination of the nature, process and implementation of the MCA grants in Cabo Verde. The country had campaigned aggressively for the grants. The MCA not only financed important public investments, it was debt-free and without conditionalities. However, even while it allowed more leeway over its use and implementation compared with other aid programmes, it engendered its own challenges.

Economic pressure on Nicaragua may wear Ortega down

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American States ◽  
Outward Migration ◽  
To Receive ◽  
International Financing

Subject Nicaragua crisis. Significance The Organization of American States (OAS) on December 29 activated a legal process that could lead to sanctions being imposed on Nicaragua or the country being suspended from the OAS. This came a week after US President Donald Trump approved the Nicaragua Investment Conditionality Act (NICA), placing conditions on foreign aid and financing to the country. The measures illustrate the pressure being placed on Managua to seek a negotiated exit to Nicaragua’s political and social crisis, which has left the country in turmoil. Impacts Links between Nicaragua and Venezuela will strengthen as both countries portray themselves as victims of US sanctions. Some international financing may continue, as the United States does not have a veto over IFI loan agreements. Violence will continue to drive outward migration, Costa Rica likely to receive the most refugees. Mexico’s recent offer to mediate talks could help ease Ortega’s departure if and when the crisis reaches that point.

On the asymptotic properties of a supercritical bisexual branching process

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
General Class ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Asymptotic Properties ◽  
Almost Sure Convergence ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Convergence Result ◽  
Bisexual Population

An almost sure convergence result for the normed population size of a bisexual population model is proved. Properties of the limit random variable are deduced. The derivation of similar results for a general class of such processes is discussed.

On a functional equation for general branching processes

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Doney
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Integral Equation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
General Class ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Slow Variation ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Class Of Functions

If Z(t) denotes the population size in a Bellman-Harris age-dependent branching process such that a non-denenerate random variable W, then it is known that E(W) = 1 and that ϕ (u) = E(e–uW ) satisfies a well-known integral equation. In this situation Athreya [1] has recently found a NASC for E(W |log W| y ) &lt;∞, for γ &gt; 0. This paper generalizes Athreya's results in two directions. Firstly a more general class of branching processes is considered; secondly conditions are found for E(W 1 + βL(W)) &lt; ∞ for 0 β &lt; 1, where L is one of a class of functions of slow variation.

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