Stochastic models for bacteriophage

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gani
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protein Coat ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bacterial Viruses ◽  
Dna Strand

Viruses are small particles of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) or DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid) wrapped in a protein coat, which can be crystallized into a variety of regular geometric, often polyhedral, shapes. They are much smaller than bacteria, and are capable of passage through filters designed to, arrest these. Among the numerous viruses, bacteriophages (or bacterial viruses), called phages for short, have been the subject of much concentrated study. Over the past twenty years in particular, their structure, parasitic cycle, and most recently part of their genetic mapping, have been elucidated; the isolated DNA strand used by phages as their genetic information carrier, makes them eminently suitable in investigations on the molecular basis of life.

Stochastic models for bacteriophage

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gani
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protein Coat ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bacterial Viruses ◽  
Dna Strand

Viruses are small particles of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) or DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid) wrapped in a protein coat, which can be crystallized into a variety of regular geometric, often polyhedral, shapes. They are much smaller than bacteria, and are capable of passage through filters designed to, arrest these. Among the numerous viruses, bacteriophages (or bacterial viruses), called phages for short, have been the subject of much concentrated study. Over the past twenty years in particular, their structure, parasitic cycle, and most recently part of their genetic mapping, have been elucidated; the isolated DNA strand used by phages as their genetic information carrier, makes them eminently suitable in investigations on the molecular basis of life.

scholarly journals Human Genetics Studies: The Case for Group Rights

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Underkuffler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Disease Prediction ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
General Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethical Controversy

During the past 20 years, the importance of human genetic information has exploded. Whether sought for medical treatment, disease prediction studies, cultural studies, or the general study of human origins, human genetic information is now viewed as crucial for scientific research and general attempts at human understanding.With the importance of genetic information have come bitter battles over its control. The demonstrated power of human genetic information has moved the issue of its “ownership” from the realm of musty academic musings to protracted political and legal battles among “source” individuals, researchers, commercial concerns, government agencies, and others. Whether collected through targeted scientific studies, “discarded” biological tissue, initial charitable bequest, or other means, genetic information and the biological materials in which it is contained have become the subject of protracted legal battles for control and intense social and ethical controversy.

The universal RNA genetic code

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Caskey
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linear Sequence ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Translational Studies

The code of inheritable information which directs the synthesis of protein molecules is now known. This information is contained in the replicative molecules deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acid (Avery, Macleod & McCarty, 1944; Loeb & Zinder, 1961). Translation of the nucleic acid ‘information’ into protein molecules involves the initial transcription of the nucleic acid molecules into transient messenger ribonucleic molecules which are single stranded base paired complements of the more stable ‘information’ nucleic acid molecules. The events leading to the translation of the linear order of nucleic acid information in mRNA to a corresponding linear sequence of amino acids in a protein are largely elucidated at this time and will be the subject of this discussion. Since the knowledge of the genetic code is a result of data obtained from in vitro translational studies which employ the equivalent of mRNA, the genetic code is described as the RNA code rather than its DNA complement. Elucidation of the RNA code has been the focus of research activity for a large number of research laboratories over the past 10–15 years. As a result of these investigations we have a detailed description of the genetic code for life on this planet. This code appears universal in its organization and translational mechanism. Since the interactions of macromolecules necessary for genetic translation are understood with greater precision than the factors responsible for the origin of the Genetic Code, this discussion will deal in more detail with the events in the translation of genetic information.

scholarly journals “THIS IS THE TIME. AND THIS IS THE RECORD OF THE TIME”

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (110) ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
Maria Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Eliza Haywood ◽  
Personal Integrity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Information Power ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early 18Th Century

THIS IS THE TIME. AND THIS IS THE RECORD OF TIMEToday’s extensive use of databases for storing identifying biometric and genetic information raises several questions on the relations between bodies, tech nology, information, power, human rights and personal integrity. While an individualistic understanding of the human being is inadequate as a way of approaching this complex of problems, we are also confronted with the challenge not to dissolve the subject, thus overlooking the fragility of our condition and the ways in which our bodies are being encroached. The present article attempts to meet this double challenge.Starting with the short story Fantomina: or Love in a Maze, written by Eliza Haywood during the early 18th century, and with a discussion on some relations between fiction, power and surveillance, the article investigates contemporary ways in which bodies are being inscribed in laws and captured in the trap of scription when used as proofs of identity. The article analyzes questions of identification in their historical complexity, as well as the patterns that are played out by powers of recording, operating with some continuity over the past centuries.It is also suggested that so-called bodily freedoms and rights, as well as integrity, could gain in critical significance by considering the “betweenness” – the inter-est of Hannah Arendt – and the ways in which our existence presupposes the other (understood as both the world and the others conditioning us). Opposing the individualistic tradition, the law understood as a boundary does not, thus, enclose independent individuals in sovereign possession of themselves beyond time and space; instead, the boundary gains its significance in relation to an opaque who in continuous becoming.

Pakistan’s Development: Successes, Failures, and Future Tasks (Presidential Remarks)

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 321-331
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Golden Jubilee ◽  
Freedom Movement ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Do So

It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 13th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Society. I consider it a great privilege to do so as this Meeting coincides with the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the state of Pakistan, a state which emerged on the map of the postwar world as a result of the Muslim freedom movement in the Indian Subcontinent. Fifty years to the date, we have been jubilant about it, and both as citizens of Pakistan and professionals in the social sciences we have also been thoughtful about it. We are trying to see what development has meant in Pakistan in the past half century. As there are so many dimensions that the subject has now come to have since its rather simplistic beginnings, we thought the Golden Jubilee of Pakistan to be an appropriate occasion for such stock-taking.

TARP DVIEJŲ KOLONŲ: XVIII A. PABAIGOS – XIX A. PRADŽIOS VILNIAUS MASONŲ KASDIENYBĖ SIMBOLIKOJE

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secular World ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Conservative Christian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Craft Guilds

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.

Performance Management Transformation

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Research

No other talent process has been the subject of such great debate and emotion as performance management (PM). For decades, different strategies have been tried to improve PM processes, yielding an endless cycle of reform to capture the next “flavor-of-the-day” PM trend. The past 5 years, however, have brought novel thinking that is different from past trends. Companies are reducing their formal processes, driving performance-based cultures, and embedding effective PM behavior into daily work rather than relying on annual reviews to drive these. Through case studies provided from leading organizations, this book illustrates the range of PM processes that companies are using today. These show a shift away from adopting someone else’s best practice; instead, companies are designing bespoke PM processes that fit their specific strategy, climate, and needs. Leading PM thought leaders offer their views about the state of PM today, what we have learned and where we need to focus future efforts, including provocative new research that shows what matters most in driving high performance. This book is a call to action for talent management professionals to go beyond traditional best practice and provide thought leadership in designing PM processes and systems that will enhance both individual and organizational performance.

scholarly journals Shopping Centres, Cycling Accessibility and Planning—The Case of Nova Lund in Sweden

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Till Koglin ◽  
Lucas Glasare
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
The Past ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Subject

This paper evaluates the history and cycling accessibility of Nova, a shopping centre established in Lund, Sweden, in 2002. The current situation was also analysed through observation and a literature review. Moreover, the study conducted a closer analysis of the history and role of the municipality based on further literature study and interviews with officials. The conclusion of the analysis indicates poor and unsafe bikeways caused by conflicts of interest between politicians, officials, landowners and the general public. It also depicts a situation in which the municipality’s master plan has been ignored, and, in contrast to the local goals, cycling accessibility at Nova has seen no significant improvement since the shopping centre was first established. The reasons for this, arguably, are a relatively low budget for bikeway improvements in the municipality, as well as a situation in which decision-makers have stopped approaching the subject, as a result of the long and often boisterous conflicts it has created in the past. Lastly, it must be noted that it is easy to regard the whole process of Nova, from its establishment to the current situation, as being symptomatic of the power structures between drivers and cyclists that still affect decision-makers at all levels.

scholarly journals Teaching Science in Today’s Society: The Case of Particle Physics for Primary Schools

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Cristina Lazzeroni ◽  
Sandra Malvezzi ◽  
Andrea Quadri
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ongoing Project

The rapid changes in science and technology witnessed in recent decades have significantly contributed to the arousal of the awareness by decision-makers and the public as a whole of the need to strengthen the connection between outreach activities of universities and research institutes and the activities of educational institutions, with a central role played by schools. While the relevance of the problem is nowadays unquestioned, no unique and fully satisfactory solution has been identified. In the present paper we would like to contribute to the discussion on the subject by reporting on an ongoing project aimed to teach Particle Physics in primary schools. We will start from the past and currently planned activities in this project in order to establish a broader framework to describe the conditions for the fruitful interplay between researchers and teachers. We will also emphasize some aspects related to the dissemination of outreach materials by research institutions, in order to promote the access and distribution of scientific information in a way suited to the different age of the target students.

Does the Injunction Gap Violate Implementers’ Fair Trial Rights Under the ECHR?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léon E Dijkman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Federal Supreme ◽  
Validity Of A Patent

Abstract Germany is one of few jurisdictions with a bifurcated patent system, under which infringement and validity of a patent are established in separate proceedings. Because validity proceedings normally take longer to conclude, it can occur that remedies for infringement are imposed before a decision on the patent’s validity is available. This phenomenon is colloquially known as the ‘injunction gap’ and has been the subject of increasing criticism over the past years. In this article, I examine the injunction gap from the perspective of the right to a fair trial enshrined in Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. I find that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights interpreting this provision supports criticism of the injunction gap, because imposing infringement remedies with potentially far-reaching consequences before the validity of a patent has been established by a court of law arguably violates defendants’ right to be heard. Such reliance on the patent office’s grant decision is no longer warranted in the light of contemporary invalidation rates. I conclude that the proliferation of the injunction gap should be curbed by an approach to a stay of proceedings which is in line with the test for stays as formulated by Germany’s Federal Supreme Court. Under this test, courts should stay infringement proceedings until the Federal Patent Court or the EPO’s Board of Appeal have ruled on the validity of a patent whenever it is more likely than not that it will be invalidated.

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