Generalised concentration fluctuations under diffusion equilibrium

Smoluchowski's classical analysis of the temporal fluctuation, under diffusion equilibrium, of the number of particles in a fixed region R of space is generalised to a set of disjoint regions; specifically, the single Smoluchowski region is divided into a finite number of non-intersecting subregions. The generalisation allows a more rigorous test of some of the consequences of the Einstein-Smoluchowski theory of Brownian motion to be carried out, and at the same time enables the Avogadro constant to be estimated with greater precision than is possible with the single region. In particular, the reversibility paradox of Loschmidt and the recurrence paradox of Zermelo are reexamined from the point of view of the fluctuation of configurations (a configuration being defined as the set of occupation numbers for the various subregions) rather than that of total concentration for the single region.

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Methyl Salicylate Glycosides in Some Italian Varietal Wines

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24183260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 3260 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carlin ◽

Masuero ◽

Guella ◽

Vrhovsek ◽

Mattivi

Keyword(s):

Methyl Salicylate ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Point Of View ◽

1H And 13C Nmr ◽

Vitis Riparia ◽

13C Nmr Analysis ◽

First Time ◽

Gaultheria Procumbens ◽

Very High

Glycosides are ubiquitous plant secondary metabolites consisting of a non-sugar component called an aglycone, attached to one or more sugars. One of the most interesting aglycones in grapes and wine is methyl salicylate (MeSA), an organic ester naturally produced by many plants, particularly wintergreens. To date, nine different MeSA glycosides from plants have been reported, mainly spread over the genera Gaultheria, Camellia, Polygala, Filipendula, and Passiflora. From a sensorial point of view, MeSA has a balsamic-sweet odor, known as Wintergreen. MeSA was found in Vitis riparia grapes, in Vitis vinifera sp. and in the Frontenac interspecific hybrid. We found that the MeSA glycosides content in Verdicchio wines and in some genetically related varieties (Trebbiano di Soave and Trebbiano di Lugana) was very high. In order to understand which glycosides were present in wine, the methanolic extract of Verdicchio wine was injected into a UPLC-Q-TOF-HDMS and compared to the extracts of different plants rich in such glycosides. Using pure standards, we confirmed the existence of two glycosides in wine: MeSA 2-O--d-glucoside and MeSA 2-O--d-xylopyranosyl (1-6) -d-glucopyranoside (gaultherin). For the first time, we also tentatively identified other diglycosides in wine: MeSA 2-O--l-arabinopyranosyl (1-6)--d-glucopyranoside (violutoside) and MeSA 2-O--d-apiofuranosyl (1-6)--d-glucopyranoside (canthoside A), MeSA 2-O--d-glucopyranosyl (1-6)-O--d-glucopyranoside (gentiobioside) and MeSA 2-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6)--d-glucopyranoside (rutinoside). Some of these glycosides have been isolated from Gaultheria procumbens leaves by preparative liquid chromatography and structurally annotated by 1H- and 13C-NMR analysis. Two of the peaks isolated from Gaultheria procumbens leaves, namely MeSA sambubioside and MeSA sophoroside, were herein observed for the first time. Six MeSA glycosides were quantified in 64 Italian white wines, highlighting the peculiar content and pattern in Verdicchio wines and related cultivars. The total concentration in bound and free MeSA in Verdicchio wines varied in the range of 456–9796 g/L and 5.5–143 g/L, respectively, while in the other wines the bound and free MeSA was below 363 g/L and 12 g/L, respectively. As this compound’s olfactory threshold is between 50 and 100 g/L, our data support the hypothesis that methyl salicylate can contribute to the balsamic scent, especially in old Verdicchio wines.

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Determining the Dynamic Efficiency of Cleanroom Wipers for Removal of Liquids and Particles from Surfaces

Journal of the IEST ◽

10.17764/jiet.42.3.k32p258037635317 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Oathout

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Absorption Efficiency ◽

Point Of View ◽

Dynamic Efficiency ◽

Left Behind ◽

New Procedures ◽

Number Of Particles

Three factors are important for removing a liquid from a surface using a wiper, whether that liquid is added to the surface for cleaning or whether it is present as a spill. First is the dynamic absorption efficiency; second is the number of particles present in the spill (or on the surface being wiped) and the extent of removal of particles during the wiping process: and third is the concern regarding particles and fibers which the wiper may leave behind on the surface being wiped. This paper describes new procedures for investigating these factors. Data are presented which demonstrate that cleanroom wipers made from fabrics that "wipe the surface dry" leave the wiped surface cleaner than those which do not because residual contamination from a spill remains in the liquid phase left behind on the surface. The conclusion from these data is that wipe-dry is not only desirable from a housekeeping point of view, but critical for wiping up spills and removing particles from surfaces. The inherent cleanliness of wipers is less important in selecting wiping materials than the ability of the materials to wipe surfaces dry.

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Preliminary study of weave pattern influence on microplastics from fabric laundering

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517520965708 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 004051752096570

Author(s):

María Berruezo ◽

Marilés Bonet-Aracil ◽

Ignacio Montava ◽

Eva Bou-Belda ◽

Pablo Díaz-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Problem ◽

Point Of View ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

To Come ◽

Weave Pattern ◽

Number Of Particles ◽

Textile Products

Nature, including the oceans, is polluted by the presence of plastics. Different products can be found, including plastic bottles, toys, toothpaste tubes, fruit meshes, etc. Small pieces of plastics, known as microplastics, have been found in the oceans and there is concern that their impact is increasing. Some of those microplastics are considered to come from the textile products. In this article, the authors will suggest how to minimize the environmental problem of the presence of microplastics in wastewaters from textile laundries. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of some parameters related to the design of fabrics. A relationship between microplastic release and parameters from weave design will be established. A fiberglass filter was used to analyze water from the laundry. Results demonstrated that the interlacing coefficient influences the number of particles in the wastewaters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the higher the density of yarns/cm in the fabric, the lower the quantity of fibers could be found in the wastewater. Results demonstrated that the presence of weave patterns, such as a plain pattern, work better from the sustainability point of view than a twill. The interlacing coefficient and the weft density are important to prevent the microplastic release.

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TEORIE SENZA ESPERIMENTI

Nuncius ◽

10.1163/182539192x00929 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 161-193

Author(s):

MARCO CIARDI

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Point Of View ◽

Correct Interpretation ◽

Scientific Thought ◽

Atomic Theory ◽

Physical Conditions ◽

Amedeo Avogadro ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Number Of Particles

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Amedeo Avogadro is one of the most mentioned scientists in chemistry handbooks. But, strange to say, the evolution of his scientific thought is still unknown to many historians. Traditional historiography sees the basic Avogadro's law, «under the same physical conditions equal volumes of gases contain the same number of particles», in the context of John Dalton's atomic theory. On the contrary, the analysis of Avogadro's first works suggests new elements for a different and correct interpretation. It's an original perspective that shows how much the piedmontese scientist owes to the French physics of the first part of the 19th century, but, above all, his unusual way of being scientist.The manuscript entitled Considération sur la nature des substances connues sous le nom de sels métalliques et sur l'ordre de combinaisons auquel il parait le plus convenable de les rapporter, which was presented before the Academy of Sciences in Turin on the 6th of December 1804, is absolutely unpublished. Avogadro's second work from a chronological point of view, but the first one to deal with a chemical subject, the manuscript is written in a fairly clear handwriting. The text has been exactly reproduced without any alteration to the original draft.

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RELATIVE PRINCIPLE OF FULL ABSORPTION

Metaphysics ◽

10.22363/2224-7580-2020-2-34-49 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 34-49

Author(s):

A. G Zhilkin

Keyword(s):

Relational Theory ◽

Point Of View ◽

Interparticle Interaction ◽

Experimental Point ◽

Principle Of Equivalence ◽

Physical Essence ◽

Complete Absorption ◽

The Universe ◽

Full Absorption ◽

Number Of Particles

The paper discusses the principle of complete absorption, which plays the same role in relational theory as the principle of equivalence in general relativity and the principle of waveparticle duality in quantum theory. The physical essence of this principle boils down to the fact that a sufficiently large number of particles must be present in the Universe so that complete absorption of radiation from any source is possible. This implies complete equivalence, from the experimental point of view, of direct interparticle interaction and the interaction carried by a local field in spacetime. It is noted that in its classical interpretation the Fokker variational principle, on which the theory of direct interparticle interaction is based, contains a dilemma caused by two mutually contradictory necessary properties of the interaction action. One of the options for overcoming this dilemma is proposed.

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Oil-In-Water Microemulsions for Thymol Solubilization

Colloids and Interfaces ◽

10.3390/colloids3040064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 64 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Laura Fernández-Peña ◽

Sonia Gutiérrez-Muro ◽

Eduardo Guzmán ◽

Alejandro Lucia ◽

Francisco Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Soybean Lecithin ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Point Of View ◽

Transport Costs ◽

Good Efficiency ◽

Solubility In Water ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Stability Point ◽

Alkyl Polyglucoside

Essential oil compounds (EOCs) are molecules with well-known antimicrobial and antipest activity. However, such molecules possess limited solubility in water, making their handling difficult. This work aimed to enhance the distribution of a solid essential oil compound, thymol, using oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsions for its solubilization. The use of mixtures formed by an alkyl polyglucoside (APG) and soybean lecithin (SL) allowed for stabilization of the o/w microemulsions in a broad range of compositions, with the total concentration of the mixture of the two surfactants (APG+SL) and the APG:SL ratio both being essential for controlling the nature of the obtained dispersions. The microemulsions obtained using oleic acid as the oil phase and with compositions far from those corresponding to the onset of the emulsion region showed a good efficiency for thymol solubilization. This is an advantage from a stability point of view, as well as for ease of thymol preparation. The present work opens new alternatives for designing eco-sustainable formulations for EOC solubilization, with the possibility of preparing the formulations at the place of use, thereby saving transport costs and reducing the emission of pollutants.

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Microcanonical Entropy, Partitions of a Natural Number into Squares and the Bose–Einstein Gas in a Box

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e20090645 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 645

Author(s):

Paolo De Gregorio ◽

Lamberto Rondoni

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Intermediate Stage ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Mathematical Work ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Occupation Numbers ◽

Bose Einstein ◽

Number Of Particles

From basic principles, we review some fundamentals of entropy calculations, some of which are implicit in the literature. We mainly deal with microcanonical ensembles to effectively compare the counting of states in continuous and discrete settings. When dealing with non-interacting elements, this effectively reduces the calculation of the microcanonical entropy to counting the number of certain partitions, or compositions of a number. This is true in the literal sense, when quantization is assumed, even in the classical limit. Thus, we build on a moderately dated, ingenuous mathematical work of Haselgrove and Temperley on counting the partitions of an arbitrarily large positive integer into a fixed (but still large) number of summands, and show that it allows us to exactly calculate the low energy/temperature entropy of a one-dimensional Bose–Einstein gas in a box. Next, aided by the asymptotic analysis of the number of compositions of an integer as the sum of three squares, we estimate the entropy of the three-dimensional problem. For each selection of the total energy, there is a very sharp optimal number of particles to realize that energy. Therefore, the entropy is ‘large’ and almost independent of the particles, when the particles exceed that number. This number scales as the energy to the power of ( 2 / 3 ) -rds in one dimension, and ( 3 / 5 ) -ths in three dimensions. In the one-dimensional case, the threshold approaches zero temperature in the thermodynamic limit, but it is finite for mesoscopic systems. Below that value, we studied the intermediate stage, before the number of particles becomes a strong limiting factor for entropy optimization. We apply the results of moments of partitions of Coons and Kirsten to calculate the relative fluctuations of the ground state and excited states occupation numbers. At much lower temperatures than threshold, they vanish in all dimensions. We briefly review some of the same results in the grand canonical ensemble to show to what extents they differ.

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QUANTUM COMPUTATIONAL LOGICS AND FOCK SPACE SEMANTICS

International Journal of Quantum Information ◽

10.1142/s0219749905000372 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

pp. 9-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MARIA LUISA DALLA CHIARA ◽

ROBERTO GIUNTINI ◽

ROBERTO LEPORINI

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Fock Space ◽

Point Of View ◽

Information Quantity ◽

Standard Quantum ◽

Special Cases ◽

Logical Connectives ◽

Quantum Computational Logics ◽

Basic Semantic ◽

Number Of Particles

The theory of logical gates in quantum computation has suggested new forms of quantum logic, called quantum computational logics. The basic semantic idea is the following: the meaning of a sentence α is identified with a quantum information quantity, represented by a density operator of a Hilbert space, whose dimension depends on the logical complexity of α. At the same time, the logical connectives of the language are interpreted as operations defined in terms of quantum logical gates. Standard quantum computational models can be described as special cases of Fock space models, where the meaning of any sentence is localized in a precise sector of a Fock space ℱ. From an intuitive point of view, the increasing number of particles described in the different sectors of ℱ can be interpreted as increasing information.

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Explanation in the social sciences

EPISTEMOLOGIA ◽

10.3280/epis2012-002002 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 197-210

Author(s):

Giuliano Di Bernardo

Keyword(s):

Free Will ◽

Point Of View ◽

Reasons For Action ◽

Classical Analysis ◽

State Institutions ◽

Social Facts ◽

Practical Inference ◽

Inferential Model ◽

The Social ◽

Scientific Epistemology

This paper treats a classical topic of scientific epistemology from a new point of view. It considers biology to be a science intermediate between physics and sociology, and the transition from physics to biology as proceeding upwards. As a consequence, any type of reductionism will be avoided. The foundation of sociology can now be viewed as an extension of physics and biology. Indeed social reality is built by means of constitutive rules that create those social facts that have been denominated ‘institutional' (such as governments and all state institutions, marriage, and money). Having argued for the connection among values and norms (ought-to-be) and actions (is), the problem is that of justifying this connection. Can values and norms be reasons that explain action? Can reasons be understood as causes? In this paper the thesis is advocated that reasons are not sufficient for causally explaining actions. Taking up the classical analysis of ‘practical inference', I want to point out that, if from the reasons for action (understood as causes) logically followed the action itself, the reasons would be sufficient causes of the action: indeed, this would eliminate free will. For this reason, we must examine the problem of free will. My conclusion is in favor of the position of B. Libet, who has demonstrated free will experimentally, and therefore the nondeterministic nature of the practical-inferential model.

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