“Face-to-Face”: The State, the Individual, and the Citizen in Russian Taxation, 1863-1917

Slavic Review ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanni Kotsonis
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Direct Taxation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Individual

From the 1860s to 1917, direct taxation provides a window onto the paradoxes of reform in late imperial Russia. The new systems of assessment that culminated in the income tax of 1916 aimed to individualize government in a regime still ordered by legal estate and collective identity; to recognize the autonomy of the individual while disassembling and reintegrating the person by way of comprehensive assessment; and to promote a sense of citizenship, participation, and individual responsibility while still defending autocracy. Yanni Kotsonis suggests that these tensions were borrowed, along with the new techniques of taxation and of government, from European and transatlantic practice, but Kotsonis also locates the distinctiveness of the Russian case in the historical context and the set of ideological premises into which the practices were introduced.

scholarly journals SOCIAL ELITES IN LATE IMPERIAL EKATERINBURG: A PROGRAM FOR HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Bakharev ◽  
◽  
Elena M. Glavatskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

This article develops a theoretical basis for studying the socio-demographic evolution of elites in local/urban historical communities. The authors analyzed the methodological and terminological apparatus used in modern elite studies and formulated the concept of “social elite” based on synthesizing the civilizational aspects of elite theory and modernization theory. The social elite is understood as a minority that is a reference group for the rest of society in the sphere of sociodemographic practices. A fruitful study of such an object is realistic only by employing mass nominative sources that recorded demographic events in individual lives. The most important nominative source which contains demographic and, in addition, social information about the demographically representative communities of imperial Russia, are metricheskie knigi — parish vital events records. The potential of this type of source is most effectively realized by transcribing the information into databases for subsequent quantitative analysis. The research was carried out based on the URAPP — “Ural Population Project” — a comprehensive electronic resource containing information from the Orthodox parishes records in Ekaterinburg for 1880–1919, now extended to about 57000 entries. The initial adaptation of the proposed model to the historical context of late imperial Ekaterinburg enabled us to identify a community of townspeople — the parish of the Orthodox Epiphany Cathedral — that was more modernized than the rest of the city. Concentrating the research focus on socio-demographic processes among the parishioners of this community at the individual level, will in the future make it possible to represent more fully the evolutionary mechanisms of the social elite in the late Imperial Russian city. The proposed scheme can be used to study the problems of Russian social history in the late 19th — early 20th centuries, primarily to identify the agents driving the socio-demographic modernization.

The Moralization of Guilt in Late Imperial Russian Trial by Jury: The Early Reform Era

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish N. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Bolshevik Revolution ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Judicial Oratory

Ever since the official promulgation of the judicial reform statutes of 1864 in late imperial Russia, a scholarly commonplace has been the reform's contribution to the remarkable emergence of several generations of brilliant Russian trial lawyers and an internationally famous tradition of outstanding judicial oratory during the half-century preceding the Bolshevik revolution. This impressive display of judicial learning and courtroom artistry occurred in the context of Western-style trial by jury, the reform's most daring innovation. Introduced in 1866 after two years of energetic preparation, Russia's system of trial by jury bequeathed to scholars the most powerful emblem of the post-1864 Russian legal order: the courtroom confrontation between the defense attorney (zashchitnik) and the state's prosecutorial agent, the procurator (prokuror). In this judicial clash, the defense counsel has represented the eloquent, keen-witted, Western-educated champion of the individual and even the “defender of public interests.” The procuratorial representative has come to embody the interests of a regime whose relentless and often undisguised statism belied the reform statutes' open proclamation of the principles of legality and the “rule of law.”

Psyche in Historical Context: Identity and Existence in Captain Ahab and King Lear

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S717-S718
Author(s):  
G. Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
King Lear ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
Quest For Meaning ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Paradigmatic Change ◽  
The Individual

IntroductionWhat ties Ahab, the notorious captain of the Pequod in Herman Melville's 1851 novel, Moby-Dick, to King Lear, the desperate old regent from William Shakespeare's eponymous play published in 1608, is not only their overabundant quest for meaning, or their obsession with pursuing their targets, but their idiosyncratic experiencing of themselves in their personal realities.AimsCaptain Ahab is put in relation with King Lear, in order to show in what way issues of identity and of existence emerge in the course of their fictional lives. Lear is considered to have had deep influence on Melville the author in creating the character of Ahab. Since, in terms of present-day psychopathology, both fictional characters present with symptoms, their issues when put in historical context can untangle their personal realities.MethodsThrough a close reading of the characters’ behaviour and experiencing in historical context, issues of identity and of existence are elaborated on in order to advance to the psychodramatic substrate.ResultsWhereas at the beginning of the seventeenth century conflicts are newly transposed to characters’ minds instead of surroundings, the nineteenth century still sees Ahab's monomania on the outside. Identity and existence have increasingly been placed in individual psyche, though.ConclusionsA paradigmatic change in personality concept at the turn of the modern epoch enables psychiatry and psychopathology to conceptualize the individual and to derive identity and existence from. Collective identity gives way to personal identity. With that, choice, interpretation, and failing are individualized.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Personal Responsibility for Health? A Review of the Arguments and the Evidence at Century’s End

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Minkler
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
The Individual

This article examines the continuing controversies regarding personal versus social responsibility for health as they are being played out at the turn of the century. Following a brief examination of the contested meaning of “personal responsibility for health” in recent historical context, attention is focused on the arguments for and against holding the individual to be primarily accountable for his or her health behavior. The paper then makes the case for more balanced, ecological approaches that stress individual responsibility for health within the context of broader social responsibility. The article concludes by briefly summarizing the Canadian approach to health promotion as a useful example of what such a balanced, ecological approach might look like.

Best Paper of the Year Award

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
The Individual

This article examines the continuing controversies regarding personal versus social responsibility for health as they are being played out at the turn of the century. Following a brief examination of the contested meaning of “personal responsibility for health” in recent historical context, attention is focused on the arguments for and against holding the individual to be primarily accountable for his or her health behavior. The paper then makes the case for more balanced, ecological approaches that stress individual responsibility for health within the context of broader social responsibility. The article concludes by briefly summarizing the Canadian approach to health promotion as a useful example of what such a balanced, ecological approach might look like.

scholarly journals From Voluntary Action’s Ontology to Historical Responsibility: Methodology of Philosophical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-466
Author(s):  
Daniil A. Anikin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Historical Responsibility ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

In the article, the author analyzes methodological approaches to the study of the concept of historical responsibility, comparing the German tradition of study (H. Arendt, T. Adorno) with the voluntary actions ontology of M.M. Bakhtin 's. The German tradition, influenced by the thinking of World War II, emphasizes the perception of responsibility in the context of the relationship with guilt, which raises a substantial question about the nature of responsibility and its boundaries. In particular, H. Arendt formulates the concept of banality of evil, focusing on the disappearance of internal perception of responsibility, but does not solve the question of the origins of such feeling. The Russian religious tradition, presented by M.M. Bakhtin, allows to propose a way to solve the issues raised due to the identification of ontological grounds of individual responsibility. Nevertheless, M.M. Bakhtin conclusions are also important for solving the problem of collective responsibility. Bakhtin addresses responsibility as an ontological characteristic of human existence, opposing its freedom. Responsibility manifests itself in acts, but ontologically precedes a separate action performed by a person. The role of the act is that it allows the person himself to understand the burden of responsibility and act on these prerequisites. The transfer of the Bakhtins methodology from individual to collective responsibility makes it possible to link the moment of its occurrence not to public recognition, but to the very fact of the individual 's entry into a certain community. The ontological integrity of the individual also acquires a social dimension, not only synchronic but also diachronic. According to the author, the application of the Bakhtins methodology in the field of social research makes it possible to consider problems of historical responsibility in the context of more fundamental philosophical questions about the relationship between individual and collective identity, the dynamics of identity, the combination of regularity and variability in human behavior.

Situating the Rights versus Culture Binary within the Context of Colonial History in Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 425-447
Author(s):  
Afua Twum-Danso Imoh
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

Children’s rights and culture have long been positioned as logically opposed to each other. Human rights, with their focus on the individual, were said to infringe on collective identity in diverse contexts. In turn, cultures (especially those in non-Western societies), and their attendant practices, were seen to impede the realization of human rights. However, the reality of children’s lives demonstrates the complexities that frame the contexts within which children are raised and highlights the implications for perceptions of children’s rights and culture. These complexities can be attributed to numerous factors, including the historical context of a society and its implications for that society’s relationship to both the concepts of culture and rights. Therefore, focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, this chapter explores the role of one historical event—colonial rule and missionary engagement—in shaping a society’s relationship to both the cultures that underpin its communities and the dominant notion of children’s rights.

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Perspective

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world: A Heideggerian Study explores Woolf’s treatment of the relationship between self and world from a phenomenological-existential perspective. This study presents a timely and compelling interpretation of Virginia Woolf’s textual treatment of the relationship between self and world from the perspective of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Drawing on Woolf’s novels, essays, reviews, letters, diary entries, short stories, and memoirs, the book explores the political and the ontological, as the individual’s connection to the world comes to be defined by an involvement and engagement that is always already situated within a particular physical, societal, and historical context. Emma Simone argues that at the heart of what it means to be an individual making his or her way in the world, the perspectives of Woolf and Heidegger are founded upon certain shared concerns, including the sustained critique of Cartesian dualism, particularly the resultant binary oppositions of subject and object, and self and Other; the understanding that the individual is a temporal being; an emphasis upon intersubjective relations insofar as Being-in-the-world is defined by Being-with-Others; and a consistent emphasis upon average everydayness as both determinative and representative of the individual’s relationship to and with the world.

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