Palatine Liberty: Pennsylvania German Opposition to the Direct Tax of 1798

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Dimmig
Keyword(s):  
Pennsylvania German ◽  
Direct Tax

Direct Tax

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Anon Anon
Keyword(s):  
Direct Tax

Pennsylvania German Riddles and Nursery Rhymes

1906 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Jno. Baer Stoudt
Keyword(s):  
Pennsylvania German

When ‘Speech Islands’ Aren’t Islands: Parallel independent development, drift, and minimal levels of contact for diffusion

Diachronica ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hartman Keiser
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Pennsylvania German ◽  
American Midwest ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Diffusion

This study explores the related concepts of parallel independent development and drift, highlighting in particular the challenge of quantifying isolation. I analyze the precisely synchronized spread of a sound change, the monophthongization of /aɪ/, across Pennsylvania German ‘speech islands’ in the American Midwest. A key finding is that the intensity and duration of interspeaker contact required to catalyze apparent parallel developments may have lower than expected thresholds. The significance of extensive yet low-intensity cross-migration patterns across these communities at particular points in their histories ultimately leads to an exploration of the minimal level of contact required for diffusion of a change and feeds into recent discussion on the social contexts for transmission and diffusion (e.g., Labov 2007).

Why Carbon Pricing Is Appealing

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Barry G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Direct Tax

The use of taxes to elevate the price of popular commodities in order to reduce consumption and risks related to use did not originate with carbon taxes. Excise taxes on tobacco have been used aggressively by governments in the United States and beyond in recent decades to achieve significant reductions in smoking. Fossil fuel use has long been deemed by diverse economists as a viable target for a sequel, leading to innumerable reports and scholarly arguments making the case for a carbon price. This can take the form of either a direct tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels or a cap-and-trade system that allows for purchase of rights to release emissions at a price. Both are thought to offer effective paths to reduce emissions in a cost-effective manner.

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