The Historical Problem of the Family Wage: The Ford Motor Company and the Five Dollar Day

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha May
Keyword(s):  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Wage

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis Strain GB2, a Hydrocarbon-Degrading and Plant Growth-Promoting Soil Bacterium

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Gkorezis ◽  
Jonathan Van Hamme ◽  
Eric Bottos ◽  
Sofie Thijs ◽  
Maria Balseiro-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

We report the 4.39 Mb draft genome of Bacillus licheniformis GB2, a hydrocarbonoclastic Gram-positive bacterium of the family Bacillaceae , isolated from diesel-contaminated soil at the Ford Motor Company site in Genk, Belgium. Strain GB2 is an effective plant-growth promoter useful for diesel fuel remediation applications based on plant-bacterium associations.

scholarly journals The Origins and Expansion of the Male Breadwinner Family: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Britain

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (S5) ◽  
pp. 25-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell ◽  
Jane Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Family Wage ◽  
Labour Legislation ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Classical Economic

The transition from a family economy in which incomes were democratically secured through the best efforts of all family members to one in which men supported dependent wives and children appears as a watershed in many otherwise very different histories of the family. It looms large in both orthodox economic analyses of historical trends in female participation rates and feminist depictions of a symbiotic structural relationship between inherited patriarchal relationships and nascent industrial capitalism. Both camps agree, as Creighton has recently put it, about “the out-lines of [the] development” of the male breadwinner family. Where they disagree is in “the factors responsible for its origins and expansion”. Why did families move away from an asserted “golden age” of egalitarian sourcing of incomes, which involved husbands, wives and children, to dependence on a male breadwinner who aspired to a family wage? Neo-classical economic historians emphasize the supply conditions, concentrating on income effects from men's earnings, family structure variables and alternatives to women's employment in terms of productive activities in the home. In contrast, dual systems theorists emphasize demand conditions in terms of institutional constraints on women's and children's employment exemplified by the exclusionary strategies of chauvinist trade unions, labour legislation which limited the opportunities of women and children, and the legitimation of men's wage demands by references to their need for a family wage. Our view is that systematic empirical investigation of the male breadwinner family has been lacking, even the timescale of its appearance and development remains obscure. Unless we fill in the outlines with more empirical detail we will never discover the reasons for its origins and expansion.

The Family Wage Experiment

2017 ◽  
pp. 25-64
Author(s):  
Allan Carlson
Keyword(s):  
The Family ◽  
Family Wage

Constraints on Gender: The Family Wage, Social Security and the Labour Market; Reflections on Research in Hartlepool

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Morris
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Married Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Family Wage ◽  
Using Data

In this paper, using data gathered from 40 married or cohabiting couples in Hartlepool, I argue that despite challenges to the `family wage' through long-term male unemployment, growing job insecurity, increased economic activity of married women, and the demonstrable importance of their earnings for the household, a wife's role as earner or potential earner continues to be viewed as peripheral. This is largely to be explained by an interaction between Supplementary Benefit rulings and the part-time nature of much of the demand for women's labour, such that a wife is most likely to take on, or continue in, employment where her husband is himself in work or perceived to be only temporarily unemployed. The operation of the informal sector of the economy is examined in this context, and the possible effects of proposed changes in Supplementary Benefit rulings discussed.

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