The Rise of Political Protestantism in Nineteenth Century Germany

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Bigler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Full Attention ◽  
German Revolution ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

Prior to the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1848, the liberal publicists Wilhelm Jordan and Robert Prutz complained bitterly about “the foolish absorption of the Germans in theological problems.… when political and economic issues should occupy their full attention.”

Economics, Society, and Sociopolitical Thought in Hungary during the Age of Capitalism

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hanák
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

By abolishing feudalism, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 helped to create the economic preconditions and the legal-political framework necessary for capitalistic development. This made it possible for Hungary to adapt her economy to the market possibilities offered by the Industrial Revolution in western and central Europe and to share in the agrarian boom of the period between 1850 and 1873. The previously existing division of labor between western and eastern Europe and between the western and eastern parts of the Habsburg monarchy continued on a scale larger than before, with the significant difference, however, that this practice now speeded up rather than retarded the development of preconditions for capitalism. During the first half of the nineteenth century the preconditions for capitalism had come into existence in the Cisleithanian provinces at considerable expense to the Hungarian economy.

An Exchange of Letters with Longfellow

PMLA ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-615
Author(s):  
Philip Allison Shelley
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Old World ◽  
Typical Member ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
German Revolution ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Abolition Movement

Niclas Müller, obscure printer, minor poet, and earnest patriot, belonged to the band of Forty-Eighters, whose love of liberty led them to transplant their ideal from the fallow soil of the old world to the fertile fields of the new, where, finding it flourish and flower, they were not content to enjoy its fruits by themselves but sought to share them with others who had as yet not tasted them. A typical member of this consecrated band, Müller, in the words of the Reverend Charles Timothy Brooks, had “always been at hand during the struggles for liberty on both sides of the water,” having been involved in both the German Revolution of 1848 and the American Civil War. As publicist and poet he supported the liberal movement in Germany and the abolition movement in America. “He wrote,” Brooks remarked, “several stirring songs during our war.” Foremost among them was a cycle of sonnets entitled Zehn gepanzerte Sonnete, Mit einer Widmung an Ferdinand Freiligrath, und einem Nachklang: “Die Union, wie sie sein soll,” Von Niclas Müller, Im November 1862 (New York, Gedruckt und zu haben bei Nic. Müller, 48 Beekman St.), which Brooks himself translated into English but never published.

GENETIC ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-337
Author(s):  
Lytt I. Gardner ◽  
Ira M. Rosenthal ◽  
Richard J. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Number ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Inherited Disease ◽  
Pediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
German Revolution ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

Dr. Gardner: Historically pediatricians have been in the vanguard of the social and scientific forces improving the health and well-being of their patients—the children of this country. Indeed, we have the heavy responsibility of carrying on the proud tradition of our professional great-grandfather, Dr. Abraham Jacobi, who came to these shores in the aftermath of the German Revolution of 1848, and who eventually rose to the presidency of the American Medical Association. As the pioneer in American pediatrics, Jacobi never failed to let his position be known on controversial issues. His intuitive Jeffersonian grasp of the democratic process facilitated his rôle in the early development of pediatrics here. Jacobi's coat has, in a sense, fallen upon our shoulders, and American pediatrics must continually be on the alert to live up to what he would have expected of us. Therefore let me come directly to the problem at hand. As we know, the relative number of children with congenital defects in our hospitals is very much greater than 25 years ago. Recently in our hospital we tabulated the cases over a 5-month period, and found that 30% of the pediatric inpatients were there because of congenital defects. This apparent increase is almost certainly due in large part to the reduction in patients with infectious disease, but the figure of 30% still must remind us that the care of children with congenital defects is a field of major importance in modern pediatrics. How many of these defects are genetically determined is not known for sure, but certainly a considerable part of this group of patients represents inherited disease. As is obvious from the syndromes we will take up in this endocrine round table, nearly every one of these conditions is genetically determined, that is to say, the result of a mutation which has taken place in the human hereditary material.

Some Notes on Himalayan Mapping

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-797
Author(s):  
Allen G. Noble ◽  
Richard Palmieri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Full Attention ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Lop Nor ◽  
The Himalaya

The Himalaya, the southern frontier of Central Asia, has been for centuries a geographic enigma akin to the headwaters of the Nile and the wanderings of the Lop Nor. The earlier problems of location and elevation were solved, for the most part, by the pioneering efforts of the Surveyor General of India and the Survey of India, conducted since the mid-nineteenth century. Unfortunately, virtually all of the maps produced by the Surveyor General of India are officially restricted and thus normally not available. Far from satisfying our curiosity of the Himalaya, the Surveyor General and the Survey generated a host of questions regarding the population, cultures, and human ecology of that mountain system. These questions have attracted the full attention of numerous scholars representing many disciplines. Among geographers interested in the Himalaya, the cartographic work of Professor Pradyumna P. Karan is well known.

1848: Theory and Practice of the German juste milieu

1973 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-192
Author(s):  
Donald J. Mattheisen
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
German Unification ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Problem Child ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
German Nation ◽  
German Revolution ◽  
Juste Milieu ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

As everyone knows, the failure of the German revolution of 1848 was the loss of a great opportunity.* If the revolution had succeeded, German unification might have been consummated on a popular basis, rather than through Bismarckian authoritarianism. The result could have been a German nation-state more closely in step with the liberal-democratic age that was dawning in western Europe. Subsequent German and European history might then have been much happier than it actually turned out to be. For, by thwarting liberalism and delaying democracy, the collapse of this revolution helped to make Germany the European problem child she has been in this century.

Irish Catholicism and English Toryism

1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Liberal Ideology ◽  
Corn Laws ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Waves

In the midst of the European Revolution of 1848, T. B. Macaulay offered the classical Whig explanation for England's immunity to it. England needed no revolution in 1848 because it had had its own safe and sane revolution of 1688, climaxed by that masterpiece of political wisdom, the Whig settlement. Without wholly superseding this distinctly Whig interpretation of England's stability in the midst of Europe's mid-nineteenth century cataclysms, Elie Halévy has supplemented it by pointing to the stabilizing influence of the Methodist-Evangelical Movement.Macaulay and Halévy overlooked one important element in Britannia's ability to rule the waves of revolution. It is an element somewhat repellent to liberal-minded historians, both in its nature and its source. For one of the factors in England's stability was the growth of a xenophobic, anti-revolutionary, nationalistic spirit and it was closely connected with anti-Catholicism. This anti-Catholicism was fostered and given direction by the Conservatives between 1832 and 1845, at which time it split that party wide open over the issue of the grant to the Roman Catholic Seminary of Maynooth in Ireland, as it had sixteen years earlier over Catholic Emancipation. The remarkable success of the Conservatives in rallying Englishmen to the anti-Irish “no-Popery” standard has been obscured by the traditional view that the period 1829–1848 saw the triumph of the liberal ideology, beginning with Catholic Emancipation, passing through the Reform Bill of 1832, and culminating in the Repeal of the Corn Laws.

Problems of the Development of Hungarian Industry, 1900–1944

1964 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Ránki
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The Revolution

The revolution of 1848, by ending the system of serfdom, had created the basic conditions of Hungary's industrialization; however, since the revolution had remained incomplete and the War of Independence had been lost, the ensuing suppression by Austrian absolutism and the considerable feudal survivals proved a strong barrier to the way of social and economic progress. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy, a product of the Compromise of 1867, offered somewhat more favorable conditions for economic development. Nevertheless, the structure of the dual monarchy kept Hungary's industrialization within rather narrow limits: the absence of independent statehood and the existence of a common customs area with Austria exposed the Hungarian market to devastating competition from Austria's more advanced manufacturing industry; and since these circumstances helped to consolidate the political and economic power of the large landowners, the capital accumulating within the country served above all the capitalist development of agriculture. So towards the end of the nineteenth century, nearly half a century after the bourgeois revolution, Hungary was still a wholly agrarian country whose major exports were foodstuffs and agricultural produce. The rapid development of manufacturing industry began as late as the last decade of the nineteenth century and continued until the beginning of World War I, over a span of some twenty-five years.

Land Grants to American Railroads: Social Cost or Social Benefit?

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd J. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Land Grant ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Federal Land

Every schoolboy knows that a large fraction of the American public domain was granted to pioneer railroads in the nineteenth century. But was the federal land-grant policy socially beneficial? Professor Mercer provides one imaginative answer based upon an analysis of the economic issues involved and estimates of the private and social rates of return on the investment in the subsidized railroads.

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