The Struggle for Religious Liberty

1941 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland H. Bainton
Keyword(s):  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

A sketch of the struggle for religious liberty during the course of the last four hundred years will be attempted in this paper. Attention will first be focussed on the theories and factors affecting persecution and tolerance on the part of both Catholics and Protestants. Then the administrative aspects of the subject will be considered alike from the broader standpoint of the structure of the church and of the state and from the more specific angle of the handling of dissent by political authority. Finally brief consideration will be devoted to residual and perennial problems of constraint and freedom.

Church and State

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The World ◽  
The Church

Chapter 3’s discussion of kingdoms and orders in the context of political life leads naturally into the topic of this chapter: the church, the state, and their relationship. The present chapter locates the state (or, better, political authority in general) in relationship to Chapter 3’s categories by presenting it as one of the orders by which God’s structures the world. It is an important actor in the temporal kingdom, where God has ordained it to preserve the world through law. The church in its essence is an agent of the spiritual kingdom, bearing God’s redemptive word to the world. The themes of preservation and redemption, the kingdoms, and the orders find many of their concrete expressions in themes of the church, the state, and their relationship.

The Political Theory of the Disruption

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Laski
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
The Church

“Of political principles,” says a distinguished authority, “whether they be those of order or of freedom, we must seek in religious and quasi-theological writings for the highest and most notable expressions.” No one, in truth, will deny the accuracy of this claim for those ages before the Reformation transferred the centre of political authority from church to state. What is too rarely realised is the modernism of those writings in all save form. Just as the medieval state had to fight hard for relief from ecclesiastical trammels, so does its modern exclusiveness throw the burden of a kindred struggle upon its erstwhile rival. The church, intelligibly enough, is compelled to seek the protection of its liberties lest it become no more than the religious department of an otherwise secular society. The main problem, in fact, for the political theorist is still that which lies at the root of medieval conflict. What is the definition of sovereignty? Shall the nature and personality of those groups of which the state is so formidably one be regarded as in its gift to define? Can the state tolerate alongside itself churches which avow themselves societates perfectae, claiming exemption from its jurisdiction even when, as often enough, they traverse the field over which it ploughs? Is the state but one of many, or are those many but parts of itself, the one?

The Submission of the Clergy

1965 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
Uniform Treatment

The concessions presented by Archbishop Warham and representatives of Convocation to Henry VIII on 16 May 1532 have been the subject of endless controversy, while the background and circumstances of the enactment have received remarkably uniform treatment from later generations. Despite the proliferation of Reformation and Convocation histories since the eighteenth century, historians have, by and large, been content to repeat or elaborate an outline of the event first found in Wake's The State of the Church (1703). According to this interpretation, the King and Cromwell employed the Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries presented in March 1532 to compel the clergy's approval of the articles of 16 May.

scholarly journals On the state of the Abbey Church of Holyrood subsequently to the devastations committed by the English Forces in the years 1544 and 1547

1854 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
David Laing
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Charles I ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

David Laing presents a historical account of this church from its founding in 1128 to the proposed visit of Charles I in the 17th century. He includes a series of original letters and Acts of Privy Council from 1626-1641 relating to the alterations and repairs made for this visit. He then briefly outlines the later history of the church that led to its ruined state. Laing concludes by arguing that there is no point in the Society proposing a restoration of the old edifice or the construction of a new one, but that clearing the soil and grass from the original foundations and installing a gravel path around them would allow visitors to view what is left of the site. His proposal that the Society present a Memorial on the subject was accepted by those present and a committee was appointed to draft the Memorial.

The American Colonial Environment and Religious Liberty

1935 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
W. W. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
State Control ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Church

There is nothing inherent in Christianity itself which calls for a close relationship with the state. Primitive Christianity “demanded the complete separation of church and state,” asserting that each must be recognized as having its own distinct and independent mission to perform. For the first three hundred years of Christian history the church existed entirely apart from the state, and indeed had not even a legal status. Then came a time during which the church became little more than a branch of the state, and in this period it lost practically all independence of development, and was largely diverted from its proper work to serve political ends. It was as a result of this danger that the church developed, during the next period in its history, the doctrine of its independence of state control, and in the great investiture struggle, maintained it with success, against Roman emperors and German kings. Then the church having secured its independence of state control, and having perfected its organization to a high degree, and having grown strong and aggressive, it went a long step further and asserted the right of the church to control the state. But it needs no argument to prove that both the control of the church by the state and the control of the state by the church are equally foreign to the teaching of Christianity as such.

scholarly journals The Specifics of the Fiscal Mechanism Operation in the Ukrainian Lands in Cossack Times

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Viktoriia V. Rudenko ◽  
Nataliia V. Dobizha
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Pressure ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

The study of sources of filling and areas of use of the state treasury in the Cossack times becomes especially relevant, because it allows finding out whether this process was carried out in the Ukrainian lands chaotically, or had a clear order. The purpose of the study is to consider the specific features of the development and functioning of the fiscal mechanism on Ukrainian territory in the Cossack era (16th-18th centuries). The specific features of scientific tasks that are the subject of the study required the use of a set of special methods (philosophical, general, specific), the use of which helped analyse the historical aspects of the fiscal mechanism during the Zaporozhian Sich and Hetmanate. The study clarified the specific features of operation of the fiscal mechanism components, in particular the revenues and expenditures of the Cossack states. It is established that in Cossack times the revenues of the state treasury were mostly formed from tax sources, and also came from economic, judicial, military, and trade activities of the state. There were also specific revenue instruments of the fiscal mechanism, in particular “ralets”. In the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the revenues of the state treasury included monetary and material support from other states, and in the Hetmanate part of the state needs were met at the expense of state duties. In addition, separate taxes were imposed on the maintenance of the church and the clergy in the Hetmanate. The study found that in the Cossack era the expenditures of the state treasury were usually directed to the maintenance of the Cossack (Hetman's) administration, provision of military needs and financing of the church. With the increasing military and political pressure of the neighboring Polish and Russian states, the fiscal mechanism of the Cossack states lost its independence and acquired the characteristics of the invading states. The practical value of the study is that the historical analysis covered the basic principles of the fiscal mechanism in Cossack times, the elements of which can be introduced in modern conditions

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TESTED FOR CONFESSIONALISM: THE VATICAN II DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Matteo Visioli
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Concept Of Truth ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

AbstractIn Catholic doctrine, church and state are two different and autonomous institutional subjects, but they are mutually linked. Therefore, a believer, as a citizen, is a subject simultaneously of two legal systems; the state is bound to recognize the confessional dimension of its own members, and the church is called to realize its proper ends within a precise political-social context. The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) constitutes for the Catholic Church a point of change and renewal. It did not limit itself to affirming the coexistence of the two systems in their independence, but it declared the necessity of a mutual alliance for the good of citizens and believers.Therefore, the church offers its own contribution to the state, favoring in this way the right to religious liberty; and the state allows the church to establish itself and carry out its proper mission in an institutional form, guaranteeing the protection of the rights of citizens as believers for the free expression of their faith, whether in a private dimension or in an organized form. Vatican II abandons, therefore, the concept of “state religion” in the classic sense of the term, and thus the privilege reserved to one among numerous religious expressions, and opens an authentic collaboration between parties as a prerequisite for the good not only for individual believers and religious organizations, but also for society itself. In particular, religious liberty finds its foundation no longer in the concept of truth (that legitimized the exclusion of other confessions in that they were “not true”), but in the concept of the dignity of the person, which must be protected as such.

JOHN LOCKE, ‘MATTERS INDIFFERENT’, AND THE RESTORATION OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE ROSE
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
The Church

John Locke is famous for his liberal and tolerationist works, published in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, which attacked the belligerent intolerance of the Restoration Church of England. But his early writings, the Two tracts on government, were composed in the period between 1660 and 1662 when the details of the church settlement were the subject of heated debate. The thought of the young Locke defended an uncompromising settlement which would rigidly enforce uniformity in religious worship and secure the restored monarchy from clerical subversion. Whilst scholars have previously focused on the changes in Locke's thought from royalist Anglicanism to whig toleration, this article focuses on the Tracts in their own right. By placing them in the context of the Restoration debate on adiaphora, ceremonial ‘matters indifferent’, the typicality or otherwise of Locke's early thought can be discerned. This article argues that the legalistic understanding of adiaphora meant that this debate touched on political authority and obedience as well as theological questions, not least because matters indifferent fell under the purview of the monarch as supreme governor of the church.

scholarly journals Inscriptions in the Artistic Structure of the Items of Medieval Silversmiths. Works of Church Art from Tikhvin in the State Russian Museum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-493
Author(s):  
Anna A. Makarova ◽  
◽  
Olga V. Klukanova ◽  
Nadezhda V. Pivovarova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Art Works ◽  
State Museum ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Church Art ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

The article presents the results of studying inscribed and dated objects of applied art of the 16th–17th century from the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. The subject of the research is the set of church plates from the monasteries of the Dormition of Our Lady and the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple in Tikhvin and the precious tsata from the Tikhvin icon of the Mother of God (Stockholmskaya) from the Tikhvin Cathedral of the Transfiguration. In 1928, the items were given to the State Russian Museum from the department of ecclesiastical property of the State Museum fund. The majority of these items were made in the Moscow workshops. The study provided an opportunity to identify the items fabricated by Tikhvin silversmiths. The authors analyze the iconography, style, structural and technical features of a number of art works including liturgical vessels, a church lamp and several altar Gospels. The study substantiates new attributions of the chalice and the church lamp from the Cathedral of Dormition of Our Lady. Attention is given to the inscriptions on the items. The authors examine the specifics of the forms of inscriptions and cite new data on the donors such as Ivan Nikitich Romanov, Ivan Ivanovich Shuiskii and the Mikhalkov family.

scholarly journals SUPPLY AND DEMAND FACTORS OF THE STATE AND BUSINESS ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
T. V. Tischenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Near Future

The subject of the study is public–private partnership (hereinafter – PPP) mechanisms in the modern economy of the Russian Federation. The article considers economic factors affecting the demand for PPP mechanisms in Russia from the state and business. The paper carries out a comparative assessment of the supply and demand of PPP and alternative mechanisms of interaction between the state and business. The study reveals that PPP does not have significant advantages in comparison with traditional public procurement or leasing. According to the results of the study, the author makes a forecast that in the near future we should expect a significant reduction in the volume of private and public co-financing of projects implemented on the basis of PPP. Assumption by state additional obligations to finance projects in the absence of budget restrictions can increase the demand for PPP on the part of business.

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