Empirical Properties of Economic Incentives and Command-and-Control Regulations for Air Pollution Control

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Kolstad
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
And Control

Centralized Air-Pollution Treatment and the Optimal Location of Industries

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1121-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-M Guldmann ◽  
D Shefer
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Control System ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Linear Programming Formulation

A cost-effectiveness optimization approach to industrial location planning and air quality management is developed, focusing on the feasibility of a centralized air-pollution-control system. The welfare criteria include air-pollution-control-related costs, but also other costs, such as commuting and land development costs. A multilevel optimization approach is outlined in order to devise economic incentives which may help to implement the optimal plan in a decentralized competitive decisionmaking context. A simplified linear programming formulation of the general model is applied to the Haifa area. Results confirm the need to adopt an integrated approach in examining the feasibility of a centralized air-pollution-control system.

Evolutionary Environmental Policy: An Analysis of the U.S. Air pollution Control Policy

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Jin Cha
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
And Control ◽  
The U.S

The purposes of this study are to examine the nature of air pollution control and available policy instruments in the United States. Focusing on command-and-control (CAC), emission tax, bubble policy and emission offset policy, this study analyzes their theoretical frameworks and limitations. The analysis of this study suggests that the U.S. air pollution control policies have been evolved to deal with economic inefficiencies from the CAC approach. Reforming the pollution policy to market incentive systems could achieve the efficiency of pollution control. Possible policy implications are also discussed.

scholarly journals Identification of NO2 and SO2 Pollution Hotspots and Sources in Jiangsu Province of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3742
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Md. Arfan Ali ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Zhongfeng Qiu ◽  
Alaa Mhawish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
And Control

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are important atmospheric trace gases for determining air quality, human health, climate change, and ecological conditions both regionally and globally. In this study, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), total column nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were used from 2005 to 2020 to identify pollution hotspots and potential source areas responsible for air pollution in Jiangsu Province. The study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of NO2 and SO2, the SO2/NO2 ratio, and their trends, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was performed to identify potential source areas. The spatial distributions showed higher values (>0.60 DU) of annual mean NO2 and SO2 for most cities of Jiangsu Province except for Yancheng City (<0.50 DU). The seasonal analyses showed the highest NO2 and SO2 in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. Coal-fire-based room heating and stable meteorological conditions during the cold season may cause higher NO2 and SO2 in winter. Notably, the occurrence frequency of NO2 and SO2 of >1.2 was highest in winter, which varied between 9.14~32.46% for NO2 and 7.84~21.67% for SO2, indicating a high level of pollution across Jiangsu Province. The high SO2/NO2 ratio (>0.60) indicated that industry is the dominant source, with significant annual and seasonal variations. Trends in NO2 and SO2 were calculated for 2005–2020, 2006–2010 (when China introduced strict air pollution control policies during the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP)), 2011–2015 (during the 12th FYP), and 2013–2017 (the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC-AC)). Annually, decreasing trends in NO2 were more prominent during the 12th FYP period (2011–2015: −0.024~−0.052 DU/year) than in the APPC-AC period (2013–2017: −0.007~−0.043 DU/year) and 2005–2020 (−0.002 to −0.012 DU/year). However, no prevention and control policies for NO2 were included during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010), resulting in an increasing trend in NO2 (0.015 to 0.031) observed throughout the study area. Furthermore, the implementation of China’s strict air pollution control policies caused a larger decrease in SO2 (per year) during the 12th FYP period (−0.002~−0.075 DU/year) than in the 11th FYP period (−0.014~−0.071 DU/year), the APPC-AC period (−0.007~−0.043 DU/year), and 2005–2020 (−0.015~−0.032 DU/year). PSCF analysis indicated that the air quality of Jiangsu Province is mainly influenced by local pollution sources.

scholarly journals Effects of air pollution control policies on PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution improvement in China from 2005 to 2017: a satellite based perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongwei Ma ◽  
Riyang Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jun Bi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
Pollution Prevention And Control ◽  
And Control

Abstract. Understanding the effectiveness of air pollution control policies is important for future policy making. China implemented strict air pollution control polices since 11th Five Year Plan (FYP). There is still a lack of overall evaluation of the effects of air pollution control policies on PM2.5 pollution improvement in China since FYP. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of air pollution control policies from 2005 to 2017 on PM2.5 from the view of satellite remote sensing. We used the satellite derived PM2.5 of 2005–2013 from one of our previous studies. For the data of 2014–2017, we developed a two-stage statistical model to retrieve satellite PM2.5 data. Results show that the Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction (ECER) policy, implemented in 11th FYP period and focused on SO2 emissions control, had co-benefits on PM2.5 reductions. The increasing trends of PM2.5 pollutions was suppressed after 2007, and the PM2.5 in Central and South China showed significant decreasing trends. The ECER policy during 12th FYP period were basically the extension of 11th FYP policy. However, the emissions control oriented policies reached it bottleneck. The PM2.5 concentrations did not decrease from 2010 to 2013 in polluted areas. China implemented two stricter policies: 12th FYP on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Regions (APPC-KR) in 2012, and Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC-AP) in 2013. The goal of air quality improvement (especially PM2.5 concentration improvement) was proposed for the first time. The air quality improvement oriented polices had led to dramatic decreases of PM2.5 after 2013.

scholarly journals H∞Control Theory Using in the Air Pollution Control System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tingya Yang ◽  
Zhenyu Lu ◽  
Junhao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Control System ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Robust Stability ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
And Control ◽  
Primary Pollutant

In recent years, air pollution control has caused great concern. This paper focuses on the primary pollutant SO2in the atmosphere for analysis and control. Two indicators are introduced, which are the concentration of SO2in the emissions (PSO2) and the concentration of SO2in the atmosphere (ASO2). If the ASO2is higher than the certain threshold, then this shows that the air is polluted. According to the uncertainty of the air pollution control systems model,H∞control theory for the air pollution control systems is used in this paper, which can change the PSO2with the method of improving the level of pollution processing or decreasing the emissions, so that air pollution system can maintain robust stability and the indicators ASO2are always operated within the desired target.

Developing of Air Pollution Control Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Wei Hong Xia ◽  
Ping Cao
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Control Engineering ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Cleaning Technology ◽  
Air Diffusion ◽  
And Control

Air pollution control engineering is a compulsory special course for students whose major is Environmental Engineering. Through leaning this course, the students should know air pollutants and environmental quality standard, air pollution and weather, air diffusion mode and estimation of pollutant concentration, chimney height design, air pollution factors and control principles, basic methods, foundation of dust-cleaning technology, performance of dust-cleaner, mechanic cleaner, wet dust-cleaner, filter cleaner, electric cleaner, adsorption, catalytic transformation, treatment of exhaust gas containing SO2, treatment of exhaust gas containing NOx, treatment of exhaust gas containing fluorine, treatment of organic exhaust gas, treatment of tail gases, treatment of odor. This paper first analyzes the characteristics and probes the problems of this course prior to construction. Then it proposes a developing plan for the course: description of teaching contents prior to construction, aim for this class and construction, improvement of teaching methods and modes, and etc.

Determining the effectiveness of pollution control policies implemented by the Chinese government: Distribution fitting and testing of daily PM2.5 data

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110435
Author(s):  
Gang Peng ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Kai Shi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Distribution Fitting ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
And Control

Air pollution has become an urgent issue affecting sustainable urban development. The Chinese government has implemented a series of air pollution control policies since 2012. Exploring the effectiveness of pollution control policies is important for future policy-making and improvements in air quality. Mean and variance tests were used for evaluation on the effectiveness of pollution control policies implemented in major cities and estimates of the heterogeneity among cities based on the distribution fitting and testing of daily PM2.5 data from January 2015 to January 2020. The nonparametric kernel density estimation adopted in this paper can effectively describe the data characteristics, and this is very important for air quality monitoring and control. Our findings demonstrate that air pollution prevention and control policies have significantly improved the levels and distribution of urban air quality in China.

scholarly journals Effects of air pollution control policies on PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution improvement in China from 2005 to 2017: a satellite-based perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 6861-6877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongwei Ma ◽  
Riyang Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jun Bi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Pearl River Delta Region ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Pollution Prevention And Control ◽  
And Control

Abstract. Understanding the effectiveness of air pollution control policies is important for future policy making. China has implemented strict air pollution control policies since the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP). There is still a lack of overall evaluation of the effects of air pollution control policies on PM2.5 pollution improvement in China since the 11th FYP. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of air pollution control policies from 2005 to 2017 on PM2.5 using satellite remote sensing. We used the satellite-derived PM2.5 of 2005–2013 from one of our previous studies. For the data of 2014–2017, we developed a two-stage statistical model to retrieve satellite PM2.5 data using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 aerosol optical depth (AOD), assimilated meteorology, and land use data. The first stage is a day-specific linear mixed effects (LME) model and the second stage is a generalized additive model (GAM). Results show that the Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction (ECER) policy, implemented in the 11th FYP period and focused on SO2 emissions control, had co-benefits with PM2.5 reductions. The increasing trends of PM2.5 pollution (1.88 and 3.14 µg m−3 year−1 for all of China and the Jingjinji region in 2004–2007, p<0.005) were suppressed after 2007. The overall PM2.5 trend for all of China was −0.56 µg m−3 year−1 with marginal significance (p=0.053) and PM2.5 concentrations in the Pearl River Delta region had a big drop (−4.81 µg m−3 year−1, p<0.001) in 2007–2010. The ECER policy during the 12th FYP period was basically an extension of the 11th FYP policy. PM2.5 is a kind of composite pollutant which comprises primary particles and secondary particles such as sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, elemental carbon, etc. Since the ECER policy focused on single-pollutant control, it had shown great limitation for PM2.5 reductions. The PM2.5 concentrations did not decrease from 2010 to 2013 in polluted areas (p values of the trends were greater than 0.05). Therefore, China implemented two stricter policies: the 12th FYP on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Regions (APPC-KR) in 2012, and the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC-AP) in 2013. The goal of air quality improvement (especially PM2.5 concentration improvement) and measures for multi-pollutant control were proposed. These policies led to dramatic decreases in PM2.5 after 2013 (−4.27 µg m−3 year−1 for all of China in 2013–2017, p<0.001).

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