The Emergence of the National Brewing Oligopoly: Competition in the American Market, 1933–1958

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. McGahan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
Regulatory Pressure ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Oligopoly Competition ◽  
Second World

In 1966 the Supreme Court expressed a desire to arrest consolidation of the brewing industry “in its incipiency.” This article argues that a national brewing oligopoly had already emerged by that date. In the 1930s and 1940s, restrained demand and regulatory pressure discouraged price and advertising competition and forced brewers to adopt cost-saving technologies. By the end of the Second World War, the largest brewers harbored unexploited economies of scale in processing. With relief from war shortages in the 1950s, large regional brewers expanded to pursue processing economies and secured their advantages with scale in distribution and advertising.

scholarly journals The Fascist-Anti-Fascist Struggle in the Order Sons of Italy of Ontario, 1915-1946

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Angelo Principe
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Keynote Speech ◽  
Second World

This article examines the struggle between fascists and anti-fascists in the Order Sons of Italy of Ontario, a struggle that began with the keynote speech delivered at the order’s founding convention in 1924, and was followed by the election of a fascist as Grand Venerable ten years later, a legal confrontation between the Grand Consul of the Order and the Ontario Lodge of Toronto (that involved the entire membership and, eventually, the Supreme Court of Ontario) and anti-Semitic legislation in the homeland. Italy’s loss in the Second World War finally brought the order’s flirtation with fascism to an end in 1946.

scholarly journals “Kohtuniku amet on liiga raske neile”: Eesti naisjuristide pürgimisest kohtunikuks kahe maailmasõja vahelisel perioodil [Abstract: “Judge’s work is too hard for them”: aspirations of Estonian female lawyers to become a judge in the interwar period]

2018 ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Merike Ristikivi ◽  
Marju Luts-Sootak ◽  
Heli-Triin Räis
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
National Court ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Female Lawyers ◽  
The University ◽  
Court Of Appeal ◽  
Second World

This article discusses the aspirations of two Estonian female lawyers – Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk – to become a judge in the 1920s. Estonian women were already allowed to study the field of law in the early years of the twentieth century. The possibilities for obtaining a law degree expanded with the foundation of the Republic of Estonia, when female students gained the right to enrol in the university on an equal footing with male students. Nevertheless, it turned out to be much harder to start working in their chosen field: before the Second World War, out of 143 women who had graduated from the Faculty of Law, only 42 were practising lawyers. The first female notary started working only in 1936. No female lawyer became a judge in Estonia before the Second World War, and the first female judges were appointed during the Soviet era in the period of 1940–41. Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk had graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu and were members of the Estonian Bar Association. However, the applications submitted by Susi-Tannebaum (1924) and Olesk (1929) for candidacy to join the judge’s profession were rejected. Both women contested the negative decisions in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was guided by the principle of gender equality and implicitly expressed its opinion that female lawyers who apply for a position as a judge cannot be excluded from the candidacy on the grounds of gender. Regardless of the Supreme Court’s opinion, it was possible to exclude women from the competition for judge’s positions on the basis of the law granting the chairman of the National Court of Appeal (Kohtupalat) the exclusive right to decide on the suitability of candidates without the obligation of justifying the decision. Thus, the cases of Susi-Tannebaum and Olesk indicate how female lawyers who wanted to become judges ended up in a vicious circle: first, the negative response from the National Court of Appeal was followed by the favourable opinion of the Supreme Court on gender equality. Thereafter the Court of Appeal was able to make a further negative (and legally correct) decision on the non-compliance of a candidate for “informal reasons”, without any additional explanation. As it was not obligatory to justify the negative decision, women were deprived of the opportunity to become judges in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1936, the position of the head of the Tartu Guardianship and Custodianship Court was given to Ljubov Hütsi, whom the general public considered the first female judge. However, the guardianship and custodianship court was an administrative institution rather than a genuine court of law. It was subject to judicial control and thus the person appointed as the head of such an institution by the Minister of Internal Affairs cannot be considered a judge. During the 1940s, repressions and the replacement of previous lawyers offered new employment opportunities for women. Regrettably, several women who were appointed judges from 1940 to 1941 had no higher education in law, and some of them did not even have any kind of legal education. In this period, having a legal education was not a priority, because loyalty to the Soviet regime and membership in the Communist Party were more important prerequisites.

Family Law and Inheritance

Japanese Law ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 212-224
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Protection ◽  
World War ◽  
Equal Protection Clause ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Second World

Family law in Japan has been democratised after the Second World War. There are two recent cases where a provision of the Civil Code (family law part) was found to be unconstitutional for the breach of the equal protection clause of the Constitution. One involved the share of inheritance of illegitimate children, and the other on the prohibition of remarriage for six months for females. The Civil Code was duly amended in 2013. The constitutionality of the requirement that a married spouses share the same family name is still held by the Supreme Court to be constitutional.

“They suffered with us and should be compensated”: Entitling Caregivers of Canada's Veterans

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Struthers
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
National Service ◽  
World War ◽  
War Veterans ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTThis article examines the struggle to win lifetime eligibility for selected home care benefits provided through the Veterans Independence Program (VIP) for veterans' widows in recognition of their years of unpaid caregiving – a policy change eventually implemented between 2003 and 2004. It explores how arguments on their behalf shifted from discourses of dependency, cost-saving, and compassion to ones of entitlement and commemoration between 1981 and 2004 as the large cohort of Second World War veterans and their wives moved towards the end of their lives. This policy victory for veterans' widows marked a historic shift in mandate for Veterans Affairs Canada and an important recognition by the state of unpaid caregiving as a form of national service. If Canadians are to learn from this example, however, it must be through seeing all caregiving labour – not just that of veterans' wives – as equally heroic and worthy of compensation.

Vergangenheitspolitik durch Strafrecht

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Pöpken
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Appellate Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Second World

The criminal proceedings on National Socialist crimes conducted in German courts in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War have long stood in the shadow of the Nazi war-crime trials conducted by the Allies and the criminal proceedings, such as the Auschwitz trials in Frankfurt, conducted by Germany with renewed vigour from the end of the 1950s on. Focusing on the supreme court for the British zone of occupation (1947–50), this historical academic study shifts attention onto an important protagonist in the aforementioned earlier series of criminal prosecutions. Using a broad spectrum of sources as its starting point, it is the first to present and analyse in detail that the ruling on crimes against humanity pronounced by this court, which was the only German appellate court responsible for an entire occupied zone, signified a pioneering yet quickly forgotten contribution to the legal proceedings against Nazi injustices. As a result, it portrays the court as a significant player in an embattled policy for dealing with the past using criminal law and thus as an important part of contemporary legal history.

Gender and the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Peniston-Bird ◽  
Emma Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World
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