Law and Locomotives, the Impact of the Railroad on Wisconsin Law in the Nineteenth Century. By Robert S. Hunt. Madison, The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1958. Pp. xiv + 292. $6.50.

1960 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-260
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
The Impact

The State and Pre-Colonial Demographic History: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Madagascar

1991 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyn Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
The State ◽  
Transition Theory ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyses the demography of nineteenth-century Madagascar in the light of the debate generated by the demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and ‘natural’ factors, such as climate, famine and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose a sharp chronological divide between the pre-colonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas ‘natural’ demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. This paper argues that in the case of nineteenth-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the Merina state, was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over time. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Merina state policies stimulated agricultural production, which helped to create a larger and healthier population and laid the foundation for Merina military and economic expansion within Madagascar. From the 1820, the cost of such expansionism led the state to increase its exploitation of forced labour at the expense of agricultural production and thus transformed it into a negative demographic force. Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labour policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895. The demographic ‘crisis’ in Africa, ascribed by critics of the demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. In sum, this paper questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be re-evaluated in terms of their changing interaction with ‘natural’ demographic influences.

Jean Grier and Mary Bownes, Private Giving, Public Good: The Impact of Philanthropy at the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014), vi+218pp. ISBN: 9780748699575

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Good ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Giving ◽  
Inherited Wealth ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Support ◽  
Private Philanthropy

This chapter reviews the book Private Giving, Public Good: The Impact of Philanthropy at the University of Edinburgh (2014), by Jean Grier and Mary Bownes. The book offers an account of ‘private giving’, focusing primarily on recent gifts and drawing on the case of the University of Edinburgh. It shows that Scottish universities lacked the inherited wealth of Oxford and Cambridge. In the nineteenth century they received significant support from the state, but from the 1860s also made serious efforts to appeal to private donors and build up endowments. There is a chapter devoted to ‘research and scholarship’, which illustrates some of the problems of relying on private philanthropy. Another chapter deals with ‘bursaries, scholarships, and prizes’—once a favourite field for individual legacies and donations, and for the Carnegie Trust.

The Oxford Handbook of American Political History

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The State ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

This handbook captures the revival of the study of the American political past that has taken shape over the past few decades. Because this renewal has been the result of an interdisciplinary effort, this volume features the work of historians, political scientists, sociologists, and scholars in such fields as law and communications. Its contributors cover traditional chronological periods along with topics in public policy. Some of traditional topics, such as transportation, tax, and economic policy, have been revitalized through interdisciplinary work. Others, such as the histories of conservatism and religion in politics, reflect political history’s fruitful connections with intellectual, social, and cultural history. Throughout the essays reflect political history’s classic focus on government, institutions, and public life, often now informed by work on gender, region, ideas, race, and culture. Two themes, political participation and statebuilding, recur through these essays. Neither had a straightforward history. The right to vote was not a story of ever-expanding access. If we broaden the category to include all manner of public and even seemingly private actions, the range of political actors and events widens and diversifies considerably. While the rediscovery of “the state” owes much to political sociology and American Political Development, the impact on historical scholarship has been wide and deep. Most essays on policy areas show some of the influence of the careful study of institutions and the tangled process of policy development. Even more, work on the early nineteenth century has reminded historians of an active state: nineteenth-century state and local governments regulated all manner of things, from slave codes to voting rights to alcohol consumption and sale to medical practices, some of which would become federalized and a matter of rights in the late twentieth century. The study of “the state” added new layers of complexity and opened new debates in the histories of sexuality, labor, women, and race. Like political participation, the study of the state promises to spark new debate.

Patent Growth in the Old Dominion: The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880

1992 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Endogenous growth theories suggest that market integration will be more conducive to economic development when the previously isolated regions have large stocks of human capital. This paper uses the level of per capita patenting in nineteenth-century Virginia to measure this human capital. By the end of the 1870s, the rail network of the Old Dominion was rapidly being integrated with the rest of the nation. Inventiveness spread throughout northern Virginia, but the former plantation areas of the state fell behind.

Putting the Past under Glass: Preservation and the Idea of History in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Prospects ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 243-278
Author(s):  
Henry D. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
The Past

In 1840, edward jarvis of the two-year-old Kentucky Historical Society wrote to Samuel Haven, Librarian of the American Antiguarian Society, complaining of the difficulties faced by the new organization in its efforts to collect and preserve materials relating to Kentucky's past. Despite enthusiastic support from the citizens of Louisville and from the state legislature, Jarvis explained, the task was an enormous one, for “the southern and western people are not in the habit of saving documents.”

scholarly journals معاصر مسلم ریاستی قوانین کی تشکیل میں مقاصد شریعت اور تلفیق کا کردار: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishfaq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact

In Islamic polity, the Qur’ān and Sunnah work as primary sources of guidance for the state and government. It is perhaps due to this reason that in the early period of the Islamic state no need was felt for any kind of legislation or codification to run the affairs of the state. Later on, the prevalent schools of legal thought gradually became the source of law in different areas of the empire. In the eastern parts, Ḥanafī School was recognized as a source of law, while in the western parts Mālikī School held this position. In the sixteenth century, King Saleem I officially declared Ḥanafī fiqh as the state law of the Ottoman Empire. However, in the nineteenth century, when most of the parts of the Muslim world came under the control of colonial powers, Muslim legal thought many problems. These problems, it was believed, could not be addressed properly while remaining within the boundaries of a particular school of thought. When the process of decolonization started and several Muslim states gained independence, they relied heavily on Maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and talfīq while introducing legislation in their domains. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of these two factors in the processes of legislation in contemporary Muslim states.

Some aspects of the idea of unity V. Solovyov and the present

2000 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
O. O. Romanovsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University ◽  
Temporary Closure

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the nature of the national policy of Russia is significantly changing. After the events of 1863 in Poland (the Second Polish uprising), the government of Alexander II gradually abandoned the dominant idea of ​​anathematizing, whose essence is expressed in the domination of the principle of serving the state, the greatness of the empire. The tsar-reformer deliberately changes the policy of etatamism into the policy of state ethnocentrism. The manifestation of such a change is a ban on teaching in Polish (1869) and the temporary closure of the University of Warsaw. At the end of the 60s, the state's policy towards a five million Russian Jewry was radically revised. The process of abolition of restrictions on travel, education, place of residence initiated by Nicholas I, was provided reverse.

Russia - European Union: The continuation ofthe sanctions standoff

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
M. Klinova ◽  
E. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Year 2013

The article deals with economic sanctions and their impact on the state and prospects of the neighboring partner economies - the European Union (EU) and Russia. It provides comparisons of current data with that of the year 2013 (before sanctions) to demonstrate the impact of sanctions on both sides. Despite the fact that Russia remains the EU’s key partner, it came out of the first three partners of the EU. The current economic recession is caused by different reasons, not only by sanctions. Both the EU and Russia have internal problems, which the sanctions confrontation only exacerbates. The article emphasizes the need for a speedy restoration of cooperation.

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