Self-Similarity and the Relationship between Abundance and Range Size

2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Harte ◽  
Blackburn ◽  
Ostling
Keyword(s):  
Range Size ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
The Relationship

Self‐Similarity and the Relationship between Abundance and Range Size

2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Harte ◽  
Tim Blackburn ◽  
Annette Ostling
Keyword(s):  
Range Size ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of Sediment Transport on Pipe Flow Resistance

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2091
Author(s):  
Vito Ferro ◽  
Alessio Nicosia
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, the applicability of a theoretical flow resistance law to sediment-laden flow in pipes is tested. At first, the incomplete self-similarity (ISS) theory is applied to deduce the velocity profile and the corresponding flow resistance law. Then the available database of measurements carried out by clear water and sediment-laden flows with sediments having a quasi-uniform sediment size and three different values of the mean particle diameter Dm (0.88 mm, 0.41 mm and 0.30 mm) are used to calibrate the parameter of the power-velocity profile). The fitting of the measured local velocity to the power distribution demonstrates that (i) for clear flow the exponent δ) can be estimated by the equation of Castaing et al. and (ii) for the sediment-laden flows δ is related to the diameter Dm. A relationship for estimating the parameter Гv obtained by the power-velocity profile) and that Гf of the flow resistance law) is theoretically deduced. The relationship between the parameter Гv, the head loss per unit length and the pipe flow Froude number is also obtained by the available sediment-laden pipe flow data. Finally, the procedure to estimate the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor is tested by the available measurements.

scholarly journals The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Casey ◽  
Erin E. Saupe ◽  
Bruce S. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Habitat Tracking

Abstract Geographic range size and abundance are important determinants of extinction risk in fossil and extant taxa. However, the relationship between these variables and extinction risk has not been tested extensively during evolutionarily “quiescent” times of low extinction and speciation in the fossil record. Here we examine the influence of geographic range size and abundance on extinction risk during the late Paleozoic (Mississippian–Permian), a time of “sluggish” evolution when global rates of origination and extinction were roughly half those of other Paleozoic intervals. Analyses used spatiotemporal occurrences for 164 brachiopod species from the North American midcontinent. We found abundance to be a better predictor of extinction risk than measures of geographic range size. Moreover, species exhibited reductions in abundance before their extinction but did not display contractions in geographic range size. The weak relationship between geographic range size and extinction in this time and place may reflect the relative preponderance of larger-ranged taxa combined with the physiographic conditions of the region that allowed for easy habitat tracking that dampened both extinction and speciation. These conditions led to a prolonged period (19–25 Myr) during which standard macroevolutionary rules did not apply.

Musicians body sway embodies musical structure and expression: A recurrence-based approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Demos ◽  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Topher Logan
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
The Relationship

Musicians’ sway during performance seems to be related to musical structure. However, it has yet to be shown that examples of the relationship are not simply due to chance. Progress has been impeded by three problems: the assumption that musical structure is constant across performances; the complexity of the movements; and the inability of traditional statistical tests to accurately model the multilevel temporal hierarchies involved. We solved these problems in a study of the side-to-side postural sway of two trombonists as they each recorded two performances of each of two solo pieces in each of three different performance styles (normal, expressive, non-expressive). The musicians reported their phrasing immediately after each performance by marking copies of the score. We measured the rate and stability (mean line) of recurrence (self-similarity) and assessed the effect of serial position within a phrase, using mixed linear models to model the nesting of phrases within pieces, within performances, across expressive styles and musicians. Recurrence and stability of recurrence changed systematically across the course of a phrase, producing sinusoidal-like and arch-shaped phrasing contours that differed with the performance style and length of phrase. As long suspected, musicians’ expressive movements reflect musical structure.

The Grand Periodic Function

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan C. A. Boeyens
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Periodic Function ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Magic Number ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Covalent Interaction ◽  
Great Pyramid ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The discovery of material periodicity must rank as one of the major achievements of mankind. It reveals an ordered reality despite the gloomy pronouncements of quantum philosophers. Periodicity only appears in closed systems with well-defined boundary conditions. This condition excludes an infinite Euclidean universe and all forms of a chaotic multiverse. Manifestations of cosmic order were observed and misinterpreted by the ancients as divine regulation of terrestrial events, dictated by celestial intervention. Analysis of observed patterns developed into the ancient sciences of astrology, alchemy and numerology, which appeared to magically predict the effects of the macrocosm on the microcosm. The sciences of astronomy and chemistry have by now managed to outgrow the magic connotation, but number theory remains suspect as a scientific pursuit. The relationship between Fibonacci numbers and cosmic self-similarity is constantly being confused with spurious claims of religious and mystic codes, imagined to be revealed through the golden ratio in the architecture of the Great Pyramid and other structures such as the Temple of Luxor. The terminology which is shared by number theory and numerology, such as perfect number, magic number, tetrahedral number and many more, contributes to the confusion. It is not immediately obvious that number theory does not treat 3 as a sacred number, 13 as unlucky and 666 as an apocalyptic threat. The relationship of physical systems to numbers is no more mysterious nor less potent than to differential calculus. Like a differential equation, number theory does not dictate, but only describes physical behavior. The way in which number theory describes the periodicity of matter, atomic structure, superconductivity, electronegativity, bond order, and covalent interaction was summarized in a recent volume. The following brief summary of these results is augmented here by a discussion of atomic and molecular polarizabilities, as derived by number theory, and in all cases specified in relation to the grand periodic function that embodies self-similarity over all space-time.

scholarly journals Perceiving Sophisticated Minds Influences Perceptual Individuation

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Almaraz ◽  
Kurt Hugenberg ◽  
Steven G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Initial Study ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
The Relationship

In six studies, we investigated how ascribing humanlike versus animallike minds to targets influences how easily targets are individuated. Across the studies, participants learned to discriminate among a variety of “aliens” (actually Greebles). Our initial study showed that participants’ ability to learn to individuate targets was related to beliefs that targets had sophisticated minds. Investigating the directionality of this relationship, we found that learning to better recognize the targets did not affect perceptions of mind (Study 2). However, when targets were described as having sophisticated humanlike (relative to simplistic animallike) mental faculties, perceivers indicated more motivation to individuate (Study 3) and were more successful individuating them (Studies 4 and 5). Finally, we showed that increased self-similarity mediated the relationship between targets’ mental sophistication and perceivers’ motivation to individuate (Study 6). These findings indicate ascribing sophisticated mental faculties to others has implications for how we individuate them.

scholarly journals Multifractal Analysis Of Selected Multicast Routing Protocols In IP Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Dymora ◽  
Mirosław Mazurek ◽  
Dominik Strzałka
Keyword(s):  
Video Streaming ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Multifractal Analysis ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Multicast Routing ◽  
Ip Networks ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Multicast Routing Protocols ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents results of studies using simulations on computer network devices, designed to examine the effectiveness of routing protocols with the video streaming and generated traffic for Jperf applications. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the selected protocols several simulation scenarios were made using different sized UDP packets. The traffic was analyzed in terms of statistical self-similarity. Multifractal analysis has also been made, using two kinds of spectrums. The study determined the relationship between them. These tasks were designed to determine the multifractal and long-term relationship for a given process.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in Mammals: A Correlation between the Effective and Census Population Sizes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2441-2449
Author(s):  
Jennifer James ◽  
Adam Eyre-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Census Population Size ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract What determines the level of genetic diversity of a species remains one of the enduring problems of population genetics. Because neutral diversity depends upon the product of the effective population size and mutation rate, there is an expectation that diversity should be correlated to measures of census population size. This correlation is often observed for nuclear but not for mitochondrial DNA. Here, we revisit the question of whether mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity is correlated to census population size by compiling the largest data set to date, using 639 mammalian species. In a multiple regression, we find that nucleotide diversity is significantly correlated to both range size and mass-specific metabolic rate, but not a variety of other factors. We also find that a measure of the effective population size, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous diversity, is also significantly negatively correlated to both range size and mass-specific metabolic rate. These results together suggest that species with larger ranges have larger effective population sizes. The slope of the relationship between diversity and range is such that doubling the range increases diversity by 12–20%, providing one of the first quantifications of the relationship between diversity and the census population size.

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