Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Lightfoot
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Contemporary Account ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

No contemporary account of Trajan's Parthian War survives, nor were any monuments set up to commemorate his exploits in the East in the same way that Trajan's Column in Rome and the trophy at Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi) do his Dacian Wars. We rely almost entirely on the excerpts of Dio Cassius' History preserved by Xiphilinus, together with a few fragments of Arrian's Parthica, in order to reconstruct the causes, objectives and strategy of the war. Because of the scant nature of the sources, all three aspects remain the subject of much scholarly discussion and dispute. Here, however, an attempt is made to address the problems raised by Trajan's eastern campaigns from a different perspective. References in fourth-century sources shed light not only on the purpose and execution of the war itself, but also on the way Trajan was perceived in late antiquity as a valuable paradigm for contemporary events and figures.

A Romano-British Interment, with Bucket and Sceptres, from Brough, East Yorkshire

1938 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Corder ◽  
I. A. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Present Note ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chief Interest ◽  
Roman Age ◽  
The Way

The Roman Ermine Street, having crossed the Humber on the way to York from Lincoln, leaves Brough Haven on its west side, and the little town of Petuaria to the east. For the first half-mile northwards from the Haven its course is not certainly known: then, followed by the modern road, it runs northwards through South Cave towards Market Weighton. In the area thus traversed by the Roman road burials of the Roman age have already been noted in sufficient quantity to suggest an extensive cemetery. The interment which is the subject of the present note was found on 10th October 1936, when men laying pipes at right angles to the modern road, in the carriage-drive of Mr. J. G. Southam, having cut through some 4 ft. of blown sand, came upon a mass of mixed Roman pottery, dating from the late first to the fourth century A.D. Bones of pig, dog, sheep, and ox were also represented. Presently, at a depth of about 5 ft., something attracted closer attention. A layer of thin limestone slabs was found, covering two human skeletons, one lying a few feet from the west margin of the modern road, the other parallel with the road and some 8 ft. from its edge. The objects described below were found with the second skeleton, and the first to be discovered was submitted by Mr. Southam to Mr. T. Sheppard, F.S.A.Scot., Director of the Hull Museums, who visited the site with his staff. All that can be recorded of the circumstances of the discovery is contained in the observations then made, under difficult conditions. ‘Slabs of hard limestone’, it was reported, ‘taken from a local quarry of millepore oolite and forming the original Roman road, were distinctly visible beneath the present roadway—one of the few points where the precise site of the old road has been located. On the side of this… a burial-place has been constructed. What it was like originally it is difficult to say, beyond that a layer of thin … slabs of limestone occurred over the skeletons. This had probably been kept in place or supported by some structure of wood, as several large iron nails, some bent at right angles, were among the bones.’ If this were all that could be said about the burials, they would hardly merit a place in these pages. The chief interest of the record would be its apparent identification of the exact course of the Roman road at a point where this had hitherto been uncertain. Three objects associated with the second skeleton are, however, of exceptional interest.

The Theologies of Luther and Boehme in the Light of their Genesis Commentaries

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlene A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Jacob Boehme ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Shed Light

Now that the tremendous influence of Jacob Boehme (1575–1624) upon natural philosophy and religious thought has come to be more fully appreciated, the question of Boehme's relation to Luther's theology has come once again to be the subject of a lively scholarly discussion. This study proposes to compare the position of Luther and Boehme on certain key theological concepts and propositions as they are denned in the Genesis commentaries of the two men. This limited and concrete study may shed light upon the larger question of the relation of their theologies as a whole and the nature of the dependence of Boehme on Luther as mediated by seventeenth-century orthodoxy.

Guiding and enabling liminal experiences between business and arts organizations operating in a sponsorship relationship

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annmarie Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Case Study Research ◽  
Project Teams ◽  
Arts Organizations ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Liminal Experiences ◽  
Shed Light

Through the lens of liminality, this article considers the identity work engaged in by managers working at the boundary of the organization. Liminality has been used to shed light on the ambiguous positions of temporary employees, consultants and project teams. As such, the concept has become synonymous with temporary, transient or precarious work settings. However, in this article I consider the efforts that managers make to set up and co-create the support structure they require to enter into and leave liminal experiences. I draw on a social anthropology to reconsider the movements between these ‘in’ and ‘out’ phases, and introduce two kinds of enabling roles: guide and ally. Through the use of a longitudinal case study research design the article contributes to the delineation between transitory and perpetual liminality, to include the notion of temporary incorporation. In distinguishing temporary incorporation from perpetual liminality, we can shift attention towards the possibilities of incremental learning in limen, where the subject and the context remain subject to change.

Nomos in Attic rhetoric and oratory

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
General Similarity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Forensic Speeches ◽  
The Way

Forensic oratory must of necessity deal with the subject of law, and rhetoric which aspires to be of use in the courts must offer the potential litigant or logographer guidance on the way to deal with questions of law. Accordingly, Aristotle devotes some space to this issue in the Rhetoric. Although the morality of Aristotle's advice has been debated, little attention has been paid to the more basic question of the soundness of his advice. The aim of this paper is to examine Aristotle's presentation of the rhetoric of law in the Rhetoric in comparison with actual practice in surviving forensic speeches. The fourth century Rhetorica ad Alexandrum, commonly ascribed to Anaximenes of Lampsakos, also offers advice on the manipulation of argument from law, and the general similarity of that advice to Aristotle's suggests either direct influence or a common source. Anaximenes' discussion of the use of law in forensic oratory is both more brief and less systematic, and will be given more cursory treatment.

St. Basil the Great’s Philosophy of Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-246
Author(s):  
Sergey Trostyanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Philosophy Of Time ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Shed Light

Basil the Great’s theory of time is a fascinating testimony to the metaphysics and philosophy of nature of the fourth century AD. In his treatises Basil sought to tackle such foundational issues of philosophy as God’s being, its hypostatic instantiations, and God’s creative acts. In order to properly address these issues he had to scrutinize the notion of time, thus turning the discussion of time into one of the key philosophical threads of his treatises. Basil’s works unequivocally exhibited his careful approach to and respect for philosophical tradition, along with his innovative brilliance. Moreover, Basil’s oeuvre clearly indicates that he was well acquainted with the then current philosophical literature on the subject. This article aims to shed light on various aspects of Basil’s theory and its conceptual underpinnings. It endeavors to demonstrate that Basil’s theory, at its highest point, cannot be understood apart from its protological and eschatological premises. It also argues that Basil was not merely an eclectic thinker, in that he used various concepts inherited from the late antique philosophical tradition to arrive at a uniquely Christian theological and eschatological synthesis. It concludes with an affirmation of Basil’s theory of time as a valuable extension to our understanding of the topic.

The Education of Girls in Fourth-century Rome

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
Mature Women ◽  
Residential District ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early Training

There is little direct evidence about the education of girls in classical times and Late Antiquity. Our conception of what provision was available has to be based chiefly on an examination of the material relating to the education of adult women and to the early training of little girls of four or five years of age. For the second half of the fourth century we are fortunate in possessing the testimony of three Christian writers on the subject of the education of mature women: Palladius, Gerontius of Jerusalem, and Jerome. Nevertheless, we need to be aware of their limitations. All three writers deal with women of a narrow social class, members of the wealthy Roman aristocracy, who were attempting to live a disciplined and austere monastic life, the majority of them against the incongruous background of their family mansions on the Aventine Hill, which was then a fashionable residential district. They were perhaps in the tradition of those earlier learned and cultivated aristocratic Roman ladies, recalled by Cicero, and exemplified by the daughter of his friend Atticus, who provided her with a tutor even after her marriage, and by Hortensia, the daughter of the orator Hortensius, who was trained by her father in public speaking, and who even made a speech in the Forum against a tax assessment. For information about the early training of little girls in fourth-century Rome we are indebted to the letters of Jerome, but this evidence, as we shall see, has certain limitations.Two difficulties confront us when we examine the evidence provided by our three Christian writers: in the first place, none of them describes the educational process by which these ladies achieved so high a degree of cultivation and learning; secondly, the advice which Jerome gives about the training and education of little girls is intended for child oblates, consecrated to God even before their birth, and is, in any case, suspect, because much of it has been culled from an earlier writer.

Religious Violence and Hagiography in Late Antiquity

Numen ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 169-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Subject

Sanctity is in many ways a social construct, and hence the profile of saints and the practices that qualify them as such change with the passing of time. The destruction of temples and idols as a way to signal sanctity is a good example of this. The subject came to form part of hagiography in the late fourth century, reached its peak in the Theodosian period, and fell off in the sixth century when Christianization was believed to be complete. Hagiography made iconoclasm one of the most extraordinary expressions of divine power, adding it to the saint’s repertoire of miracles and ascetic virtues. The aim of this article is to study the origins and early development of this motif, which legitimated — and subtly encouraged — the use of violence in the conversion process. It is within apologetic and polemical contexts that the episodes of the violent destruction of late antique paganism have to be assessed.

scholarly journals Ting og typologier – en utforskning av landbruksutstillingen på Dalane Folkemuseum

1970 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Eva Reme ◽  
Olaug Norun Økland
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Southwest Coast ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

The Folk Museum at Dalane is a regional museum for the four southernmost municipalities in Rogaland on the southwest coast of Norway. Established in 1910, it is a museum typical of the period in which the Norwegian folk museums were set up. The point of departure for this article is the museum’s typological agricultural exhibition, which still is untouched, exactly as it was mounted in 1952. By emphasizing a micro-perspective the authors illuminate how ideas and practices both followed and departed from well-established museum paradigms. The applied actor-perspective emphasizes the importance of the individuals who were actually responsible for the organization and development of the museum. The article accentuates the museum actors’ attitudes and approaches towards the material objects, as well as their way of mounting and organizing the exhibition. Furthermore, by taking into consideration the way they built and participated in various social networks, the intention is also to shed light on how the museum actors negotiated between their own ambitions and established norms for collecting and forming exhibitions. In this way it is possible to follow how local museums can simultaneously confirm and challenge existing museum paradigms. 

scholarly journals La danzatrice di Aquileia e gli spettacoli scenici in età tardoantica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ghedini
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich

The purpose of this paper is to reconsider a little sculpture which represents a young woman who dances, found in Aquileia at the end of nineteenth century. The original work, which can de dated – as Sperti suggests – in the fourth century, confirms the diffusion of these little works in marble or stone in the late antiquity. The subject is also interesting because it is related to the spectacles which were the most important occasion of amusing for the people. The artists performed not only in the theatres and in the circuses but also in the private houses or villas, during the convivial occasions. The little sculpture, which perhaps decorated one of the rich residences in Aquileia, testifies the importance of performances of mimes, pantomimes, dancers in the late antiquity society and the honors that were paid to them.

Body

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Glucklich
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the how the literature of the Dharmaśāstra expresses both the way that social relations and worldviews articulate conceptions of the human body and the way that the body comes to be experienced by individuals. The material examined includes mythical and cosmological views of the human body, followed by consideration of the Brahmin’s body, the ascetic body, the criminal and sinning body, the impure body, the body of the penitent, the corpse, and others. The chapter argues that texts such as Manu Smṛti set up a strong correlation between cosmological conceptions, social hierarchy, and ways in which the body is dealt with as the subject of dharma. As a result, the body comes to be experienced as the locus of these broader cultural values.

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