Recent discoveries at Ostia

1912 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 153-194
Author(s):  
Thomas Ashby
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The One

The west coast of Italy between the gulf of Spezia, once the harbour of Luna, and the bay of Gaeta does not at the present day offer a single safe anchorage for ships of any size, and even in early days, when ships were smaller, its harbours and landing places must have seemed very deficient. The cities of south-western Etruria had indeed developed a flourishing seaborne trade by the seventh century B.C. when they were importing freely from Greece, but the ports of their two leading towns, Tarquinii and Caere, which seem to have been at Graviscae and Pyrgi, were merely roadsteads. Strabo, in his summary of the ports along this littoral, mentions none between Monte Argentario and Ostia, and none again between Ostia and the bay of Gaeta. Such ports as there ever were, are of later origin. Centumcellae, the modern Civitavecchia, is a foundation of Trajan; the harbour of Antium, such as it was, was due to Nero, and the port of Terracina is the work of Pius. Even Ostia itself was in Strabo's time deemed a bad harbour and the Tiber estuary hard to enter. Good or bad, however, it was the one approach to a natural harbour on all this coast.

Expressions of the Elites

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The West ◽  
Loire Valley

Because both Gildas and Bede wrote of mutual antipathy between Britons and Anglo-Saxons, it used to be thought self-evident that their hostility was expressed by the cultural differences that appear so obvious in the formers’ Christianity, Celtic speech, hillforts, and unfurnished graves, and the latters’ cremations, furnished inhumations, sunken-featured buildings, great squareheaded brooches, and the like. Different ideas about the adaptations that had to be made to meet changing circumstances have led to reappraisals of extreme positions about racial exclusiveness, however, and emphasis is now placed on the ways that people created new identities rather than on how they inherited one of two alternative dichotomies. The spread of furnished graves westwards and northwards in the second half of the sixth century could be taken as evidence of further waves of immigrants from the continent, but at least as likely is that existing populations were changing their practices as new conditions developed. In the west and north, the most visible change in the archaeological record after the middle of the sixth century is the disappearance of Mediterranean imported pottery from hillforts and other sites, replaced by southern French wares, implying that wine and olive oil shipped in wooden casks from the Loire valley and Bordeaux replaced Greek and African supplies sent in clay amphoras. As with the earlier bowls and dishes, the assumption is that much of the pottery was ‘associative’, sought after because it was seen as appropriate to use at feasts when luxuries were offered by a host. Unlike the earlier imports, however, in the seventh century there were also open-topped jars that seem to have been used as containers, presumably for dry goods as liquids would have slopped out. Some were used for cooking. The French seventh-century pottery, now called E-ware, is a little more often found than are the earlier wares; its absence from South Cadbury is good evidence that that site went out of use c.600, despite its former importance—a sign of the continued instability of the period. Just as none of the Mediterranean imported pottery had reached places far from the west coast, so too the French wares did not pass inland, or up the English Channel. Imports of glass have a broadly similar distribution, although dating is more difficult.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF T0MB0L0 AT THE WEST COAST OF IWO-JIMA

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Shigemura ◽  
Jouji Takasugi ◽  
Yoshihiro Komiya
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Variation Rate ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
The One ◽  
Dominant Direction

This paper intends to clarify why and how such a huge tombolo having a surface area of 1,700,000 m2 has been formed at the west coast of Iwojima for relatively short period of 33 years after 1945. Analyses are performed on various data obtained through literature survey and field measurements to determine the growth rate of tombolo and variation rate of shore and sea floor surrounding the island. Model tests are also made on the formation of tombolo. The followings are the conclusions derived through the analyses: (1). Source of the sediments is the one produced at the northern part of island where sea floor has been lifting at a rate exceeding 30 cm per year, (2). Waves with dominant direction of N to NE which appear in fall and winter erode the northern coast and currents induced by these waves carry these sediments southward along both coasts of the island. (3). Waves with dominant direction of S to SE which appear in summer and their induced currents carry the sediments northward along both coasts of the island.

scholarly journals French Colonial Expansion in West Africa, The Sudan, and the Sahara

1911 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-373
Author(s):  
Norman Dwight Harris
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
The One

The conclusion of a definite treaty of diplomatic alliance between France and Morocco, in February, 1910, marks one of the last steps in a long series of moves to establish for France a vast colonial empire in the Dark Continent. Between the years 1830 and 1850, France acquired the whole of Algeria and Constantine. In 1881 she annexed Tunisia; and, in the ten years that followed, she participated with Germany, Great Britain and Italy, in the race for territory in Africa. But it is only within the past twenty years that she has successfully created a great colonial state there.French colonial enterprise in Africa began in 1637, when Claude de Rochefort built fort St. Louis at the mouth of the Senegal river on the west coast and explored the interior for 100 miles. He was followed during the 18th and early 19th centuries by other intrepid explorers who made settlements at Millicourie on the Guinea coast and at Assinié and Grand Bassam on the Ivory Coast, and who penetrated further and further into the interior until the valiant Réné Caille, after marvelous adventures, reached Timbuktu, near the Upper Niger, in 1837. The French holdings on the Senegal were extended and consolidated into an effective base for future operations by the energetic General Faidherbe from 1854 to 1865, who added the Oulof country as far south as Cape Verde and the kingdom of Cayore, and built the harbor at Darkar. He was the first to recognize the possibilities of West Africa as a colonial center. “Our possession on the West Coast,” he wrote to the Colonial Office, “is possibly the one of all our colonies that has before it the greatest future; and it deserves the whole sympathy and attention of the Empire.”

scholarly journals GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OP THE ESTUARY OF RIVER NETRA7ATI NEAR MANGALORE

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
E.J. John ◽  
K.P. Cheryan
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
The West ◽  
River Flows ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
The One

A number of factors such as wave conditions, tides, river flows, sediment charge, and ocean currents affect the features of an estuary. The understanding of the morphology of an estuary is essential on purely scientific considerations as well as applied to harbours. An attempt is made to study these inter-related and unsteady features and their combined effect on an estuary qualitatively. The estuary selected for the study is the one near Mangalore on the West Coast of India at latitude 12 51' north and longitude 74° 50' east, where two rivers, viz., river Netravati and river Gurpur meet together and join the sea. An effort is made to analyse the changes in the estuary in terms of prevailing wave conditions, river flows and sediment transport.

scholarly journals Boatbuilding Technology Analysis of the Seventh Century Boat Remains from Bongal Site on the West Coast of North Sumatera

KALPATARU ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Stanov Purnawibowo ◽  
Agni Sesaria Mochtar
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
And Function

Abstract. The west coast of North Sumatera was a famous sea trade route since the ninth century, according to the research conducted in the Barus Site, the international trading ports in the region. However, the study of the maritime technology in the region is still scarcely done. Boat timbers finding from Bongal Site is the first, as well as the oldest, shipwreck remains found in the west coast of North Sumatera. This paper aims to study the boatbuilding technology, as one of the maritime technologies, of the boat remains found in Bongal Site. Analysis on form and function of the timbers, along with the radiocarbon-dating result of timber and Arenga pinnata rope show that the vessel was built in the Southeast Asian lashed-lugs technique in the seventh century, two centuries older than Barus. Analysis on the artefacts found near the timbers indicates that this type of vessel was used for trade activities on the west coast of North Sumatera.

Psychology from Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic Perspectives

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad A-L.H. Abou-Hatab
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

This paper presents the case of psychology from a perspective not widely recognized by the West, namely, the Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic perspective. It discusses the introduction and development of psychology in this part of the world. Whenever such efforts are evaluated, six problems become apparent: (1) the one-way interaction with Western psychology; (2) the intellectual dependency; (3) the remote relationship with national heritage; (4) its irrelevance to cultural and social realities; (5) the inhibition of creativity; and (6) the loss of professional identity. Nevertheless, some major achievements are emphasized, and a four-facet look into the 21st century is proposed.

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) restoration on the west coast of Sweden using seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 546 ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Infantes ◽  
L Eriander ◽  
PO Moksnes
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
The West

Changes in soil quality following humping/hollowing and flipping of pakihi soils on the West Coast, South Island New Zealand

2007 ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Thomas ◽  
M.H.Beare C.D. Ford ◽  
V. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
The West ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil C

Humping/hollowing and flipping are land development practices widely used on the West Coast to overcome waterlogging constraints to pasture production. However, there is very limited information about how the resulting "new" soils function and how their properties change over time following these extreme modifications. We hypothesised that soil quality will improve in response to organic matter inputs from plants and excreta, which will in turn increase nutrient availability. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the soil organic matter and nutrient content of soils at different stages of development after modification. We observed improvements in soil quality with increasing time following soil modification under both land development practices. Total soil C and N values were very low following flipping, but over 8 years these values had increased nearly five-fold. Other indicators of organic matter quality such as hot water extractable C (HWC) and anaerobically mineralisable N (AMN) showed similar increases. With large capital applications of superphosphate fertiliser to flipped soils in the first year and regular applications of maintenance fertiliser, Olsen P levels also increased from values

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