Community Distribution, Innovative Marketing Diffuse Contraception, Start to Lower Fertility Rates

1977 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Lower Fertility

Breast-Feeding, Birth Interval, and Infant Health

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701
Author(s):  
John E. Anderson ◽  
James S. Marks ◽  
Tai-Keun Park
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Contraceptive Effect ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Demographic Surveys

In this section we consider the indirect effects of breast-feeding on infant health through its effect on birth intervals. First, we examine the evidence that breast-feeding is associated with longer intervals between births. Then we discuss studies that have attempted to show that short birth intervals are related to poorer infant health. EFFECT OF BREAST-FEEDING ON INTERVALS BETWEEN BIRTHS Breast-feeding is associated with a delay in the return of ovulation after a birth, with longer intervals between births, and with lower fertility rates occurring in populations where this practice is prolonged. In a recent issue of Population Reports,13 numerous studies that evaluate the contraceptive effect of breast-feeding were reviewed. Studies that link breast-feeding and fertility include clinical reports based on small numbers of women, larger prospective studies, and single-round demographic surveys which may be representative of national populations. Clinical Studies Because ovulation is difficult to measure, studies linking breast-feeding with ovulation have been limited to small numbers of clinic-based subjects.4,14,17 These studies have shown that women who breast-feed—and those who breast-feed for longer periods—tend to ovulate later following a birth than other women. This effect is believed to be related to the hormone prolactin, which is released through the stimulus caused by the infant's sucking. Prolactin promotes the production of breast milk and is believed to be related to the inhibition of ovulation. Levels of prolactin and the anovulatory effect are related to the frequency and intensity of nursing. Thus, women who breast-feed partially on infrequently, while giving supplementary food, are more likely to ovulate than those who breast-feed fully.

Fertility Restrictions and Life-Cycle Outcomes: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Xiaoyan Lei ◽  
Ang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Household Income ◽  
White Collar ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
The One

This study considers the experience of China’s one-child policy to examine how fertility restrictions affect economic and social outcomes over a lifetime. Using variations in these penalties across provinces and over time, we find that exposure to stricter fertility restrictions when young leads to higher education levels, more white-collar jobs, delayed marriage, and lower fertility rates. Further consequences include lower rates of residing with the elderly, higher household income, consumption, and savings. Finally, exposure to stricter fertility restrictions in early life increases female empowerment. Overall, fertility restrictions imposed when people are young have powerful effects throughout their life cycle.

“Momma's Got the Pill”: How Anthony Comstock and Griswold v. Connecticut Shaped US Childbearing

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Us ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Evidence

The 1960s ushered in a new era in US demographic history characterized by significantly lower fertility rates and smaller family sizes. What catalyzed these changes remains a matter of considerable debate. This paper exploits idiosyncratic variation in the language of “Comstock” statutes, enacted in the late 1800s, to quantify the role of the birth control pill in this transition. Almost 50 years after the contraceptive pill appeared on the US market, this analysis provides new evidence that it accelerated the post-1960 decline in marital fertility. (JEL J12, J13, K10, N31, N32)

scholarly journals Population trends in BRICS: Developments and projections

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Lucas Gualberto do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Economic Indexes

The purpose of the article is to analyze population trends in the BRICS countries in the period from 2000 to 2019 based on local realities and socio-economic indexes, as well as to study projections up to 2050. The article also explores initiatives of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in the field of demographic research relevant to BRICS, such as fertility, birth, and mortality rates. Thus, it is possible to determine the main characteristics of the population of the BRICS countries, their challenges and objectives, which allow us to predict with an eye to 2050 and the dynamics of the evolution of each member of the international cooperation grouping. Overall, it is argued that urbanization processes were one of the key factors driving population trends in the BRICS countries, especially those related to lower fertility rates. Finally, the current situation of BRICS in the international scenario is evaluated, given the explored attributes, with an emphasis on the importance of public policies favorable for the full development of the potential of the BRICS population. Therefore, member states’ initiatives to promote higher levels of social welfare are investigated, as well as their benefits to local peoples, who together account for more than 40% of the world’s total population.

scholarly journals Distributive Implications of Fertility Changes in Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Badaracco ◽  
Leonardo Gasparini ◽  
Mariana Marchionni
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries

Fertility rates significantly fell over the last decades in Latin America. In order to assess the extent to which these changes contributed to the observed reduction in income poverty and inequality, we apply microeconometric decomposition to microdata from national household surveys from seven Latin American countries. We find that changes in fertility rates were associated with a nonnegligible reduction in inequality and poverty in the region. The main channel was straightforward: lower fertility implied smaller families and hence larger per capita incomes. Lower fertility also fostered labor force participation, especially among women, which contributed to the reduction of poverty and inequality in most countries, although the size of this effect was smaller.

Fertility and family planning in African cities: the impact of female migration

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Brockerhoff
Keyword(s):  
Population Distribution ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
African Cities ◽  
Female Migration ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Demand For Children ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis study uses data from thirteen Demographic and Health Surveys to examine effects of female migration on fertility in African cities. Contrary to expectations, migration from villages and towns in the 1980s and 1990s reduced total fertility rates in African cities by about one birth, from an estimated average of 5·55 in the absence of migration to 4·59. New arrivals experience much lower fertility in their first few years in cities than long term residents of similar age and parity. This results from the initial unmarried status of most migrants, high levels of spousal separation among new arrivals who are married, dramatic increases in use of modern methods of contraception after 2 years in cities, and continuation of traditionally long durations of postpartum abstinence. Accomodation of additional migrants thus appears consistent with efforts to reduce fertility in cities. Moreover, prospects for increased contraceptive prevalencein Africa may depend heavily on changes in population distribution that influence the demand for children, specifically movement to cities.

Can Sri Lanka Stay Ahead of India in the Face of Population Ageing?

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 350-361
Author(s):  
Ross Guest ◽  
Jay Bandaralage
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Face ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Macroeconomic Effects

This paper examines the potential for population ageing in Sri Lanka to allow India to close the gap in the living standards with Sri Lanka over the coming decades. The working-age population in Sri Lanka is currently about 7 per cent higher than in India, but it will be 8 per cent lower by 2050. The reason is that Sri Lanka’s demographic transition to lower fertility rates began earlier and has been steeper than in India. Potential demographic dividends from slowing employment growth and changing age distribution of the workforce are likely to further close the gap in living standards between the two countries. The calculations here suggest the gap could be closed by, between 16 and 25 per cent from 2015 to 2050 due to demographic change. In addition, despite its higher share of middle-aged workers, Sri Lanka has in recent times had a lower saving and investment share of GDP than India and a higher consumption share, which will also tend to allow India to close the gap. This paper attempts to quantify these demographic and macroeconomic effects, and considers policy options for Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Do Religious People Have More Children? The Effect of Religious Affiliation and Religiosity on Fertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 479-499
Author(s):  
Iim Halimatusa’diyah ◽  
◽  
Dzuriyatun Toyibah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Role Of Religion

This paper aimed to examine the effect of religious affiliation and religiosity on the fertility rate. While scholars have predicted the decline of religion’s influence, practice, and role in modern societies, religion still plays a vital role in shaping individuals’ behavior, including their fertility behavior. While there have been many studies on the role of religion on fertility, few studies have compared the fertility rates among people from different religious affiliations and their practices of religiosity. Additionally, cross-national analyses of the fertility rate of religious individuals who live as a majority or minority in various countries are still limited. Drawing from the World Value Survey data and using OLS regression to examine interaction and socialization, and minority-status approaches to the relationship between religion and fertility behaviors, this study revealed that Muslims are more likely to have a higher number of children among the explored religions. In terms of religiosity, those who are more religious, from all religious affiliations, demonstrated the same likelihood of having high fertility. Additionally, while both ritual and belief dimensions of religiosity are significantly associated with a high fertility rate for all religious affiliations, all dimensions of religiosity had significant effects on fertility for Muslims. Furthermore, Muslim and Christian minorities were likely to have lower fertility rates than their counterparts with majority status.

First Service Calving Rates In Irish Dairy Herds: Trends From 1991-1996

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ O'Farrell ◽  
J Crilly
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Calving Rate ◽  
Natural Service ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn Ireland, surveys in the 1970's have shown calving rates to first service of 60-69%. Since then genetic merit and milk yield per cow have increased significantly. The objectives of this study were to determine calving rates in Irish dairy herds for the period 1991-1996 and if these had declined over time. Breeding records for 58 Spring calving commercial dairy herds maintained on the computerised DAIRYMIS System were analysed. Inseminations were categorised as either DIY AI (DIY), commercial AI (COM) or Natural Service (NAT). Between 1991 and 1996 there was a significant trend towards DIY (P<0.01) and away from NAT (P<0.01) with no consistent trend in COM usage. In 1991, roughly one third of services were to each of the three service methods but by 1996 DIY accounted for nearly 50% of all services. A subset of 34 herds, which had been present for at least five of the six years between 1991 and 1996, was used in the calving rate analysis. Calving rates to first service for DIY (48.4%) and NAT (46.0%) were not significantly different although both were significantly lower (P<0.001) than those for COM (54.5%). For small (<65), medium (65-128) and large herds (˃128) the respective proportion of services in each category were 22%, 44% and 34%. The respective calving rates of 55.2%, 51.6% and 45.7% declined significantly as herd size increased For all service types, there was a significant (P<0.001) decline in first service calving rate over time. The increased usage of DIY, combined with its lower fertility rates, would appear to be one factor responsible for the reduction in calving rate for 1991-1996 period.

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