Theravāda Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Bechert
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Building Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe emergence of an historiographical tradition in Ceylon was caused by the importance of an unbroken succession of ordinations in the Sangha for the survival of Theravada Buddhism and by the emergence of the Sinhalese nation. One of the main factors of this nation-building process was the acceptance of Buddhism as the national religion. The survival of Buddhism depended on the state of the Sangha. History of Theravada Sangha is largely a history of efforts towards monastic reforms, and most reforms were implemented by the worldly power. The description of Asoka's religious politics in Sinhalese chronicles laid a basis for state-Sangha relations. Political thinking shows a dualism of ideological concepts based on religious values and of a tradition of practical political science. The impact of historical factors in the development of Sangha structures becomes visible from a comparison of these structures is the predominantly Buddhist countries and in the Buddhist minority community in Bengal. In this context, recent changes in state-Sangha within society, and the interrelations of Buddhism and popular cults can be analyzed as a result of the interaction of ideological, historical and political factors.

Ethnic Identity in Abkhazia and the Paradigms of Its Institutionalization: From the Soviet Past to the Present [Etnicheskaia identichnost’ v Abkhazii i paradigmy ee institutsionalizatsii: ot sovetskogo proshlogo k nastoiashchemu]

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Nuri Bagapsh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Identity ◽  
History Of Formation

The article focuses on the aspects of nation-building and the main paradigms of the institutionalization of ethnicity in Abkhazia during the Soviet era and assesses the impact of Soviet practices of ordering ethnic categories on the modern ethnocultural and ethnopolitical landscape of the country. I examine the history of formation of the ethnic mosaic of Abkhazia, analyze the particular Abkhazian ways of solving general issues of the early Soviet nation-building, and discuss the influence of Soviet nation-building on the modern identity of various groups of Abkhazia’s population. The article further assesses the impact of ethnic mixing on the shaping of identity of Abkhazia’s population and explores the questions of civil nation-building and multilevel identity.

scholarly journals L’ortodossia ucraina: verso l’unità o la frantumazione?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Building Process ◽  
History Of

The so-called ‘reunification council’, which in December 2018 gave birth to the new Orthodox Church of Ukraine, had as its objective the overcoming of the tripartite division of the country’s orthodoxy. The new ecclesiastical structure, recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, should constitute the national Church of the Ukrainian state and contribute to the nation building process promoted by the Kiev leadership. In reality, all the contradictions related to the particular history of Ukrainian orthodoxy and its connection with Moscow emerged, while the division spread to the whole Orthodox world.

Sectarianism in Iraq – a critique by Ali Al-Wardi

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Jabir Kadhem al-Zurfi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociological Thought ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

The Arab world today is encountering a destructive resurgence of sectarianism, which, up to a few years ago, had been confined to books and rhetorical debates. In the first half of the 20th century, Iraqi sociologist Ali Al-Wardi pioneered the critique of sectarianism in the Arab world. Unlike others, he approached the issue from a specific and unique perspective. His observations of Iraqi history were made from a sociological standpoint that aimed at revealing the impact of sectarianism on Iraqi politics. Al-Wardi's writings were carried out to two phases: the first extends from the early 1950s to the early 1960s; and the second covers the period between the publication of his two books, Study on the Nature of Iraqi Society (the year of publication is unknown) and Social Briefs from the Modern History of Iraq (1971). The first phase focused on Islam's heritage and a number of social phenomena; the second focused exclusively on the study of Iraqi society. A number of factors influenced Al-Wardi's personality and thinking, a fact especially evident in the kind of methodology he used, which was new when addressing the sectarian issue. Based on Al-Wardi's research, this paper traces the historical factors and process that affected the historical development of the divisions separating two main sects of Islam – Shi'a and Sunni – resulting in a duel between them, which led to the configuration of Iraqi society along sectarian lines. It elaborates on the methodology used by Al-Wardi in his studies of Iraqi society, as well as his attitude with regard to sectarianism in modern Iraq. It also explores the intellectual and political influences that helped shape his thinking in this domain and its legacy on sociological thought in the Arab world.

Pluralism and the Fate of Perestroika: A Historical Reflection

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gunnell
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Politics And Political Science ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
The Impact

Although a great deal has been written about the perestroika movement in turn-of-the century political science its actual place in the history of the discipline has been poorly understood by its founders, defenders, and critics. Perestroika can be best understood as a manifestation of the persistent crises of identity that have characterized the discipline of political science, and it cannot be explained apart from the manner in which it was reflection of issues that attended both the origins of the field and periods such as the 1920s and aftermath of the behavioral era. What has been particularly important in each case has been the impact on both American politics and political science of the ethic of pluralism, which has created significant difficulties for both the practical and epistemic relationship between the discipline and its subject matter. — John Gunnell.This essay is followed by responses from James Farr, Robert O. Keohane, David D. Laitin, Kristen Renwick Monroe, Anne Norton, and Sanford F. Schram. John Gunnell then offers a response to commentators.

scholarly journals Political Science at the LSE: A History of the Department of Government, from the Webbs to COVID

10.5334/bcn ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Life ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Course Structure ◽  
Government Department ◽  
125Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Politics And Education ◽  
The Impact

This monograph traces the emergence and evolution of the LSE Government Department from 1895 to 2020, focusing on the personalities that guided the development of the Department, the social and political contexts the Department existed within, its research agenda and course structure, and the location of the Department in British politics. It also charts the evolution of the discipline of political science in Britain itself. The volume is divided chronologically into four chapters, each covering roughly similar time periods in the Departments’ history and focused on the events that shaped it: personalities, events, and location. Key themes are the development of political science in Britain, the impact of location on the LSE Government Department, the professionalisation of academia in Britain, and the microcosm the Department presents of British political life during each time period. The conflicts between progressive and conservative forces is a recurring theme which helps to link the internal dynamics of theDepartment with the wider social and political contexts that occurred from the beginning of the School to its 125th anniversary. The volume uses detailed archival research, particularly in the early chapters, as well as over thirty interviews with a range of individual with unique perspectives on the Department. These include current and former faculty and students (ranging from academics such as Christopher Hood and Tony Travers to graduates who have subsequently become politicians, such as Anneliese Dodds, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer), as well as others with strong links to the Department, such as Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai and Andrew Bailey, Bank of England Governor. This monograph offers a wealth of insights on the history of political science not only at the LSE, but in British academia more broadly. It speaks to a wide historical and social science audience concerned with Fabian and socialist history, the history of politics and education, and the development of British political science. Of course, it will also appeal to more immediate audiences, such as prospective and current students, alumni and others throughout the wider LSE community. As a history of the LSE, as well as of the development of British higher education, it serves as both a specific case study and a general representative of wider trends within universities during the twentieth century. A unique feature of this monograph is that it represents the collective efforts of students from the LSE Government Department (including undergraduate, MSc and PhD), who worked under the leadership of Dr Gordon Bannerman (British Historian) and Professor Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey (Head of Government Department). This unusual collaboration has enabled a richer array of perspectives on the history of the Department, but has also brought the monograph to life with personal ties to the Department itself.

Policewomen and Queensland

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Tim Prenzler
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Personnel Policies ◽  
Late Starter ◽  
Discretionary Powers

Queensland was a late starter in the employment of policewomen and, apart from a brief period in the early 1970s, has lagged behind other jurisdictions in utilising women. The aberrant history of policewomen in Queensland suggests additional evidence for the characterisation of Queensland as ‘the deep north’. Apart from the influence of general cultural and political factors, fluctuations in the fortunes of policewomen relate specifically to the discretionary powers held by police commissioners in personnel policies; problems of corruption and lack of accountability in particular have had a gender dimension, but close scrutiny of recent reforms has tended to ignore the impact of the Fitzgerald Report on women in the police force. Seismic changes have occurred at the level of policies and procedures and, although cultural change is limping behind, Queensland is now a leading State for access of women to a career in policing.

Comment: African Arts and Political Science

1962 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
James S. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Stratification System ◽  
The Impact

The study of Africa has helped to further several healthy trends in the development of the discipline of political science. Confrontation with the rich variety of structural forms and modes of human expression of contemporary Africa has compelled the political analyst to look beyond the narrow “political” realm and conventional “political” structures for a more complete understanding and explanation of political phenomena. This African impact upon the discipline has come at a most propitious time—a time of intensive self-criticism from which at least three new emphases in research are beginning to emerge. One is the holistic approach reflected in efforts to classify and to compare political systems as wholes. A second approach, obviously related to the first but independently pursued by its proponents, is an ever-increasing explicit concern with non-political factors (e. g., the family, voluntary associations, the economic system, the social stratification system, cultural values, and so forth) as they may be related to and effect the political system and political behavior. Here, the impact of other disciplines, and particularly sociology, anthropology and psychology, is clearly manifest not only in the type of data gathered but in such neologisms as “political socialization” and “political acculturation.”

scholarly journals The Study of Provenance in Historical-Bibliological Research at the Turn of the 20th — 21st Centuries: Using the Example of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Viktor Yu. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Period ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to the research of provenance in Ukraine. The aim of the work is to analyse and summarize information concerning the study of provenance in book science; to determine the features of interpretation of the term “provenance” in modern bibliology and librarianship studies; to reveal the main historical factors that influenced the formation of the modern content and interpretation of the term “provenance”, as well as to clarify the place and significance of provenance study in determining the ownership of a book, in revealing the features of the functioning of books in society, in recreating the history of their existence and in the reconstruction of library collections. The author used the method of terminological analysis, as well as comparative historical method, descriptive-narrative, bibliographic and other methods of research.The article presents the main trends in interpretation of the term “provenance” in modern Ukrainian, Russian, American and Polish historiography. The author discloses the main factors of formation of the meaning of the term “provenance” in the process of studying the ownership and existence of a book; presents the definition of the concept, including owner’s records, bookmarks, seals, stamps, inventory numbers and other book elements and signs that indicate the ownership of a book to a certain person or institution. For example, the Ukrainian bibliological studies of 1990s — 2010s describe in detail each constituent element of the provenance, as well as the peculiarities of interpretation of the meaning of the term. The paper considers the role and significance of the comprehensive study of provenance in the process of historical-bibliological analysis of manuscripts, early-printed and rare books, in revealing the features of social functioning of books in society, determining the composition of various book collections and study of readers of a certain historical period.The practical use of the results of the research of provenance is to provide some assistance to library staff in the formation of specialized collections in libraries. Provenance in a kind of documentary form reflects the main features and characteristics of the historical, cultural and educational processes of the epoch. The study of provenance allows, in the absence of inventory records, to reconstruct the lost book collections, to explore the readership of a particular book and to trace the paths of its distribution.

scholarly journals The impact of geofactors on the formation of language islands and minority languages: The case of Cimbrian, Ladinian and Sardinian

2021 ◽  
pp. 001458582199865
Author(s):  
Roger Schöntag ◽  
Laura Linzmeier
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Language Area ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

This contribution aims to highlight the geofactors which determine the development and continuity of language islands and the territories of minority languages. The focus of this research is therefore primarily on the geomorphological conditions of a specific language area and the interaction of natural factors, such as landform configuration, quality of soil and climate, with sociological and political factors. This approach will offer a new perspective on the genesis of these specific speech areas by taking into consideration the geographical conditions from the beginning of the first settlements through the history of further language propagation and language contact. The case studies chosen to substantiate this theory are the Cimbrian community and the Ladin-speaking valleys in the Alps (Northern Italy) as well as different minority languages spoken in Sardinia, where hilly landscapes alternate with plains, both bordered by the sea. All these languages became minority languages in remote areas, though the determining factors, geographical as well as socio-linguistic, were quite different.

scholarly journals Tackling Social Problems in Branches Muhammadiyah Gedangan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annis Wati ◽  
Vindy Aprilia ◽  
Lailatul Adkha ◽  
Dita Ariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to determine social problems in the Muhammadiyah branch of Gedangan and its remedies, and to find out the history of the establishment of the Muhammadiyah branch in Gedangan. This research is a descriptive qualitative research through interviews and direct observations on the head of the Muhammadiyah branch of Gedangan. Based on the results of research on social problems in the Muhammadiyah Gedangan branch along with the history of the establishment of the Muhammadiyah Gedangan branch, it was founded in 1990 until now. The social problem in the Muhammadiyah Gedangan branch is that it only has one business charity in the field of education, on the side of life the education sector stands out among minority communities, as a result there are various kinds of social problems, namely experiencing a lack of students and the impact from the economic side, and from the side the life of the minority community is very influential, because many residents do not want to enroll their children in the school. As a result of the impact of social minority problems, many people think that the school is only for Muhammadiyah people and the cost is expensive.

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