Have Iras Increased U. S. Saving?: Evidence From Consumer Expenditure Surveys

By 1939 rising living standards provided access to an array of durable goods that many people regarded as necessities, but would have been beyond the dreams of their parents twenty-five years earlier. Rising real wages, falling fertility rates, and an expansion and liberalization of consumer credit, collectively made affordable goods that cost several weeks’, months’, or (in the case of housing) years’ income. This chapter examines these trends and then discusses their impacts on household demand for durable goods. For most durables, demand is shown to have risen substantially faster than incomes, producing a major rise in their share of total consumer expenditure. This was partly driven by technological improvements, though successful marketing (both of the goods and the consumer credit that made them affordable) also played a key role.

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Consumer expenditure, elasticity and value of food waste: A quadratic almost IDEAL demand system for EVALUATING changes in Mexico during COVID-19

Socio-Economic Planning Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.seps.2021.101065 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101065

Author(s):

Adrian Vargas-Lopez ◽

Clara Cicatiello ◽

Ludovica Principato ◽

Luca Secondi

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Demand System ◽

Almost Ideal Demand System ◽

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Expenditure Elasticity

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STATE-LEVEL DIETARY DIVERSITY AS A CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932017000013 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 26-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kakoli Borkotoky ◽

Sayeed Unisa ◽

Ashish Kumar Gupta

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Special Focus ◽

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Effective Measure ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children

SummaryThis study aimed to identify the determinants of nutritional status of children in India with a special focus on dietary diversity at the state level. Household-level consumption data from three rounds of the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the National Sample Survey Organization (1993–2012) were used. Information on the nutritional status of children was taken from the National Family Health Survey (2005–06). Dietary diversity indices were constructed at the state level to examine diversity in quantity of food consumed and food expenditure. Multilevel regression analysis was applied to examine the association of state-level dietary diversity and other socioeconomic factors with the nutritional status of children. It was observed that significant variation in childhood stunting, wasting and underweight could be explained by community- and state-level factors. The results indicate that dietary diversity has increased in India over time, and that dietary diversity at the state level is significantly associated with the nutritional status of children. Moreover, percentage of households with a regular salaried income in a state, percentage of educated mothers and mothers receiving antenatal care in a community are important factors for improving the nutritional status of children. Diversity in complementary child feeding is another significant determinant of nutritional status of children. The study thus concludes that increasing dietary diversity at the state level is an effective measure to reduce childhood malnutrition in India.

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The problem of not observing small expenditures in a consumer expenditure survey

Journal of Applied Econometrics ◽

10.1002/jae.3950050204 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 151-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rob Alessie ◽

Raymond Gradus ◽

Bertrand Melenberg

Keyword(s):

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽

Expenditure Survey

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Unique Equivalence Scales: Estimation and Implications for Distributional Analysis

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.700 ◽

1995 ◽

Author(s):

David S. Johnson ◽

Thesia I. Garner

Keyword(s):

Consumer Price Index ◽

Equivalence Scales ◽

Consumer Expenditure ◽

Constant Elasticity ◽

Scale Elasticity ◽

Inequality Measures ◽

Base Level ◽

Expenditure Data ◽

Family Types ◽

The Us

Equivalence sales are used to adjust income by family size to obtain income distribution measures. Recently, the concept of equivalence scale elasticity has been introduced to characterize the effect that scales have on distribution measures. We produce utility-based equivalence scales that have the property of constant elasticity. By assuming a particular functional form for the scales and that the scales are independent of the base level of utility, we obtain unique equivalence scales. In contrast to previous estimates of utility-based scales, we do not restrict our sample to particular family types. We determine price-dependant scales by estimating a characteristic-dependent almost ideal demand system using quarterly expenditure data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey and price indices from the US Consumer Price Index. We use our scales and those implicit in the US official poverty thresholds to adjust expenditures and show that these scales have similar effects on inequality measures.

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