A Grammar of the Old Persian Language, with the Inscriptions of the Achaemenian Kings and Vocabulary

1892 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Carl D. Buck ◽  
Herbert Cushing Tolman
Keyword(s):  
Persian Language ◽  
Old Persian

scholarly journals Phonological Knowledge in 5-year-old Bilingual Turkish Qashqai-Persian Children and Fars Monolingual Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Ali Ghorbani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rhyme Awareness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

Background & Objectives: Phonological awareness is a part of metalinguistic knowledge that is significantly associated with a wide range of language skills and processes, including literacy, and reading and writing skills. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phonological awareness skills in bilingual five years old Qashqai- Persian children with monolingual Persian speaking children. Methods: 15 bilingual and 15 monolingual children (10 girls and 5 boys) were selected from kindergartens in Firouzabad, Fars, in February and early March 2020 and evaluated by Auditory Test of Phonological Awareness Skills (ASHA-5) for 5-6 years old Persian speaking children. Results: The results implied that the mean total score (P=0.733), as well as the mean score of each component of phonological awareness skills, including syllable awareness (P=0.328), rhyme awareness (P=0.625), and phonemic awareness (P=0.946) in monolingual 5-year-old children, were higher than the Qashqai-Persian bilingual group, but the differences were not significant (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that phonological awareness skills in the Persian language are higher in monolingual children than in Qashqai-Persian bilingual children, but the differences were not significant. Therefore, paying more attention and increasing knowledge about this aspect of language in bilingual children can be more effective in planning for education, evaluation, and treatment of phonological disorders in this group of children, especially in pre-school ages.

scholarly journals A Thematic and Etymological Glossary of Aquatic and Bird Genera Names in Iranian Bundahišm

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Golnar Ghalekhani ◽  
Mahdi Khaksar
Keyword(s):  
Persian Language ◽  
Animal Names ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Animal Category ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this study is to present a thematic and etymological glossary of aquatic and bird genera names which have been mentioned in Iranian Bundahišn. In this research, after arranging animal names in Persian alphabetic order in their respective genus, first the transliteration and transcription of animal names in middle Persian language are provided. Afterwards, the part of Bundahišn that contains the actual animal names and the relevant translations are mentioned. The etymology of every animal name is described by considering the morphemic source. Finally, mention is made of the mythology connected to the animal and the animal category in Iranian Bundahišn (if available), and the way in which the words have changed from Old Persian up to now. Changes in the name of every animal from the ancient languages such as Indo-European, Sanskrit, Old Persian and Avestan to middle languages such as Pahlavi, Sogdian, Khotanese, and Chorasmian and how the name appears in new Iranian languages and dialects such as Behdini (Gabri), Kurdi, Baluchi and Yaghnobi are also referred to.

scholarly journals Ancient tax tokens, trade licenses and metrological records?: Making sense of Indus inscribed objects through script-internal, contextual, linguistic, and ethnohistorical lenses.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Tax Collection ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Indus Valley ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Trading Economy ◽  
Amarna Letters ◽  
Lapis Lazuli

This article argues that most of the inscribed objects (seals, miniature-tablets etc.) of ancient Indus valley civilization were essentially administrative-commercial tools (tax-tokens, trade-licences, metrological records, etc.) used for controlling the complex trading economy spread across the Indus settlements. It also argues that the inscriptions logographically encoded a commercial sublanguage to convey information about kinds of taxes/tithes, tax-receiving entities; tax-rates and modes; and activities (such as cultivation, manufacture, and trading of specific commodities) that these taxes covered and authorized. Building on the functional classification of Indus logograms performed in the author's previous structural analysis of Indus inscriptions and analysing various script-internal, archaeological, historical and linguistic evidence, this article seeks to interpret the semantic functionalities of different sign-classes. It proposes that: i) The numerical and metrological signs were used to represent certain tax-collection rates fixed for certain commodities, whereas the lexeme-signs following them ( ) represented those taxed commodities. ii) The Crop-signs ( ) represented different harvested grain-based taxes. iii) The phrase-final/terminal logograms ( ) encoded certain metrological modes (volumetric, weight-based, reed-measure-based etc.) of tax-collection, and thus metonymically encoded certain broad tax-categories. iv) The lexeme-signs appearing in the initial parts of the grammatically complex inscriptions ( ) represented the tax-collector entities and purpose of tax-payment. v) The signs mostly occurring in pre-phrase-final positions ( ) represented the mode of tax-payments through predefined equivalencies. vi) The bird-like logograms ( ) represented different precious stones including lapis lazuli, cornelian, agate etc.; while the fish-like logograms ( ) signified different apotropaic "fish-eye-beads", which were one of the most precious exported Indus commodities, coveted in ancient Near East. Analysing the related lexical roots of such commodities— e.g. ivory ("piru"); lapis lazuli whose colour was compared to the iridescent pigeon-neck ("kāsaka hya kapautaka"); and "eye-beads" (maṇi), in Mesopotamian lexicons, Amarna letters, ancient texts in Old-Persian language, BMAC languages, Sanskrit, Pali, Tamil etc. — this study claims that such words had originated in the Indus valley, and had spread to the languages of other civilizations through trade networks. Tracing out more such ancient metrological and revenue related terminologies (droṇa, bhāra, kṛṣṇala, raktikā, śara etc.) this study finally offers decipherment of a few Indus inscriptions.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of The Persian Version of The Short-Form Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Naseri ◽  
Shahram Hamedani ◽  
Tahereh Baherimoghadam ◽  
Alireza Ghafoori
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Dental Aesthetics ◽  
Health Related ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Old Persian

Abstract BackgroundThe Child Perception questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ 11-14) is an efficient tool for assessment of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This questionnaire has been shortened to 16 items (CPQ11–14 ISF-16) to facilitate its use. The purpose the present study was to translate CPQ11–14 ISF-16 in the Persian language, culturally adapt and initially validate among adolescent population.Material and methodThe questionnaire was translated to Persian, back-translated to English and underwent cultural adaptation and pretesting. It was then filled out by 318 young adults (175 grils and 143 boys) between 11 to 14 years in Shiraz, Iran. The Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 along with the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and two Suggested global questions were administered among participants to assess its Creition validity.ResultsFactor analysis extracted two domains and the factor loading of domains ranged from 0.423 to 0.837. Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 presented high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.854); It showed excellent criterion validity with PIDAQ (rho= 0.731, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant positive moderate correlation between CPQ11–14 ISF-16 and its factors 1 and 2 and two global questions (first global question: rho= 0.439, p < 0.001; second global question: rho= 0.457, p=0.035)ConclusionThe Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 has optimal validity and reliability in a general population of 11–14-year-old Persian children.

Pre-Linnaean pictures of the secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius (J. F. )

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAGNAR K. KINZELBACH
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Family ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Sub Saharan

The secretarybird, the only species of the family Sagittariidae (Falconiformes), inhabits all of sub-Saharan Africa except the rain forests. Secretarybird, its vernacular name in many languages, may be derived from the Arabic “saqr at-tair”, “falcon of the hunt”, which found its way into French during the crusades. From the same period are two drawings of a “bistarda deserti” in a codex by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250). The original sketch obviously, together with other information on birds, came from the court of Sultan al-Kâmil (1180–1238) in Cairo. Careful examination led to an interpretation as Sagittarius serpentarius. Two archaeological sources and one nineteenth century observation strengthened the idea of a former occurrence of the secretarybird in the Egyptian Nile valley. André Thevet (1502–1590), a French cleric and reliable research traveller, described and depicted in 1558 a strange bird, named “Pa” in Persian language, from what he called Madagascar. The woodcut is identified as Sagittarius serpentarius. The text reveals East Africa as the real home of this bird, associated there among others with elephants. From there raises a connection to the tales of the fabulous roc, which feeds its offspring with elephants, ending up in the vernacular name of the extinct Madagascar ostrich as elephantbird.

The Problem of the Formation of Philosophical Prose in Persian

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Tatyana G. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Texts

The article discusses the problem of the formation of philosophical prose in the Persian language. The first section presents a brief excursion into the history of philosophical prose in Persian and the stages of formation of modern Persian as a language of science and philosophy. In the Arab-Muslim philosophical tradition, representatives of various schools and trends contributed to the development of philosophical terminology in Farsi. The author dwells on the works of such philosophers as Ibn Sīnā, Nāṣir Khusraw, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Aḥmad al-Ghazālī, ʼAbū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and gives an overview of their works written in Persian. The second section poses the question whether the Persian language proved able to compete with the Arabic language in the field of science. The author examines the style of philosophical prose in Farsi, considering the causes of creation of Persian-language philosophical texts and defining their target audience. The article presents viewpoints of modern orientalist researchers as well as the views of medieval philosophers who wrote in Persian. We find that most philosophical texts in Persian were written for a public who had little or no knowledge of the Arabic language, yet wanted to get acquainted with current philosophical and religious doctrines, albeit in an abbreviated format. The conclusion summarizes and presents two positions regarding the necessity of writing philosophical prose in Persian. According to one point of view, Persian-language philosophical works helped people who did not speak Arabic to get acquainted with the concepts and views of contemporary philosophy. According to an alternative view, there was no special need to compose philosophical texts in Persian, because the corpus of Arabic philosophical terminology had already been formed, and these Arabic terms were widely and successfully used, while the new Persian philosophical vocabulary was difficult to understand.

Text-books for Students by Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Khismatulin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract: the paper describes two text-books written by Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (11th–12th centuries) to teach students with different levels of education and mentality: Persian-language source Zad-i akhirat and Arabic-language source Bidayat al-Hidaya. The possibility of using these two sources with minimal adaptation in the process of modern religious education in Islamic Universities and Madrasas is justified in this paper. This would enrich the teaching experience of Muslim teachers. The possibility of usage of another work by al-Ghazali Kimiya-yi sa‘adat is also discussed in this article.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document