Sebanzi: The Iron Age Sequence at Lochinvar, and the Tonga

1965 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Fagan ◽  
D. W. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Age Sequence

Some Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Eastern and Southern Africa

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Maggs
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa

This Article follows in the series started by Fagan and continued for eastern and southern Africa by Phillipson, Sutton and Soper. The scope remains much the same, covering in time the later part of the Stone Age sequence as well as the Iron Age. Geographically, however, there are some changes: the Sudan has been excluded as it was covered by the recent review of North and West African dates, while a detailed chronological review of francophone Central Africa is in progress and therefore this region has been excluded.

The Prehistoric Sequence at Nakapapula Rockshelter, Zambia

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 172-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Late Stone Age ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Considerable attention has recently been paid to the start of the Iron Age in East and Central Africa. One of the most interesting problems concerning this period is that of the relationship of the Early Iron Age farming people to the hunter-gatherers of the Late Stone Age whom they eventually displaced. Very few archaeological sites are known, and none have yet been published, which illustrate the Late Stone Age/Iron Age transition in Central Africa, and discussions of this and related problems have so far been largely based on conjecture. Evidence concerning this important transition was recently unearthed at Nakapapula rockshelter in the Serenje District of central Zambia. Here a long and relatively homogeneous Late Stone Age sequence of Nachikufan type was seen to continue into the 2nd millennium A.D., that is, well after the first appearance of Early Iron Age pottery at this site and elsewhere in Zambia. Nakapapula has also yielded the first archaeological evidence for the date of schematic rock art in Central Africa and confirmed its contemporaneity with the Early Iron Age.

The Greefswald Sequence: Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Fagan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
World Wide ◽  
African History ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
Age Sequence

The Iron Age sites known as Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo on the farm Greefswald, 55 miles west of Messina in the northern Transvaal, South Africa, have aroused world-wide speculation ever since their discovery in the early 1930s. This international interest has been considerably stimulated by the publication of the second volume of the Mapungubwe report in late 1963. Much unnecessary confusion as to the significance of The Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo sites has been caused by the long delay in the publication of this second volume, and this has made a critical leview of the Iron Age sequence in this desolate corner of the Middle Limpopo valley a matter of some urgency. The Greefswald sequence is of vital importance to South African history, for the sites have been held to show that the earliest Iron Age population of South Africa was non-Negro. In addition, they have been used to provide a fairly accurate indication of the date at which Bantu-speaking peoples first crossed the middle reaches o the Limpopo.

Tea Party Toys? Classical Kisalian Grave Goods from the Upemba (D.R. Congo)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre de Maret
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Tea Party ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Socioeconomic Organization ◽  
Rare Opportunity ◽  
Grave Goods

The continuous Iron Age sequence that connects the 10th century Kisalian in central Africa to the present day inhabitants of the area, the Luba, provides a rare opportunity to link archaeological data to ethnographic observations. Numerous Kisalian graves reflect the elaborate rituals and beliefs and the complex socioeconomic organization of that period. One of its intriguing aspects is the extensive use of various miniature objects as grave goods, for children and adults. The widespread Luba practice of making miniature objects for their children, as well as in connection with the spiritual world, is thus likely to date back many centuries and testifies to the symbolic qualities of miniatures.

The Iron Age Sequence in the Southern Province of Northern Rhodesia

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

The Iron Age cultures of Northern Rhodesia have until fairly recently remained unknown, whilst work in Southern Rhodesia and in South Africa has revealed a long sequence in both those territories. Mr R. R. Inskeep undertook some excavations in 1958, and since 1959 Iron Age research has expanded considerably. Work has been concentrated in the Southern Province of the territory with the aid of a grant from the Nuffield Foundation, and a number of large scale excavations have been carried out. This paper gives an outline of our general conclusions as they appeared at the completion of the fieldwork.

Luba Roots: The First Complete Iron Age Sequence in Zaire

1979 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre de Maret
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Age Sequence

The Rise and Fall of Zimbabwe

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Huffman
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Immigrant Group ◽  
Primary State ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
African Society ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Secondary State

Two hypotheses are available for the origin of the Zimbabwe culture. A religious hypothesis attributes its development to an African society in isolation, placing it in the class of a primary state. In contrast, the trade hypothesis maintains that it was a secondary state resulting from the gold trade.If the religious hypothesis is correct, then Zimbabwe would be an exception to all other known cases of primary state formation. The archaeological evidence points to a horticultural subsistence throughout the Iron Age sequence in the area and a small population until Period III/IV. On the other hand, all known primary states were based on large populations and intensive agriculture. It is more likely that Zimbabwe is a typical case of secondary state formation.The stratigraphy on the Acropolis indicates that a social transition from Period II to III probably occurred at Zimbabwe and was not the result of an immigrant group, and the short chronology places this transition around A.D. 1250. The evidence available from Arab documents, trade imports and ancient mining demonstrates that trade existed well before then. Consequently, the evolution of the Zimbabwe culture was almost certainly due to the Arab gold trade.

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