Dating the Entry of Corn (Zea Mays) into the Lower Great Lakes Region

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Crawford ◽  
David G. Smith ◽  
Vandy E. Bowyer
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Eastern Woodlands ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ams Dates

Five accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dates on corn (maize or Zea mays) from the Grand Banks site, Ontario, range from cal A.D. 540 to 1030. These are the earliest directly dated corn samples in the Lower Great Lakes region. The presence of corn during the Princess Point Complex, a transitional Late Woodland phase preceding the Ontario Iroquoian Tradition, is confirmed as is an early presence of the Princess Point culture in Ontario. Maize appears to have spread rapidly from the Southeast and/or Midwest to Ontario. The corn cupules and kernel remains are fragmentary, as they are elsewhere in the Eastern Woodlands during this period. The limited morphological data indicate that the corn is a diminutive form of Eastern Eight-Row, or Eastern Complex, maize.

Comments on “A Reconsideration of Aboriginal Fishing Strategies in the Northern Great Lakes Region” by Susan R. Martin

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Middle Woodland ◽  
Population Loss ◽  
Fishing Strategies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Specialization

Martin's suggestion that there is great continuity in subsistence strategy through the Middle and Late Woodland periods of the Northern Great Lakes is rejected. She fails to produce convincing evidence for the use of gill nets during Middle Woodland times and to account for the difference in fish fauna on sites of these two periods. Also addressed here is the possible consequence of economic specialization on population size and fluctuation. It is concluded that unlike Middle Woodland populations, those of the Late Woodland fluctuate rather dramatically. Finally, it is suggested that whatever the cause of the population loss and mechanisms of replacement, these shifts likely have important implications for periodicity in ceramic style change.

scholarly journals Ubiquitous Influence of Wildfire Emissions and Secondary Organic Aerosol on Summertime Atmospheric Aerosol in the Forested Great Lakes Region

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gunsch ◽  
Nathaniel W. May ◽  
Miao Wen ◽  
Courtney L. H. Bottenus ◽  
Daniel J. Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Biomass Burning Particles

Abstract. Long-range aerosol transport affects locations hundreds of kilometers from the point of emission, leading to distant particle sources influencing rural environments that have few major local sources. Source apportionment was conducted using real-time aerosol chemistry measurements made in July 2014 at the forested University of Michigan Biological Station near Pellston, Michigan, a site representative of the remote forested Great Lakes region. Size-resolved chemical composition of individual 0.5–2.0 μm particles was measured using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS), and non-refractory aerosol mass less than 1 μm (PM1) was measured by a high resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS). The field site was also influenced by air masses transporting Canadian wildfire emissions and urban pollution from Milwaukee and Chicago. During wildfire influenced periods, 0.5–2.0 μm particles were primarily aged biomass burning particles (88 % by number). These particles were heavily coated with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during transport, with organics (average O/C ratio of 0.8) contributing 89 % of the PM1 mass. During urban-influenced periods, organic carbon, elemental carbon/organic carbon, and aged biomass burning particles were identified, with inorganic secondary species (ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate) contributing 41 % of the PM1 mass, indicative of atmospheric processing. With current models under-predicting organic carbon (OC) in this region and biomass burning being the largest combustion contributor to SOA by mass, these results highlight the importance for regional chemical transport models to accurately predict the impact of long-range transported particles on air quality in the upper Midwest United States, particularly considering increasing intensity and frequency of Canadian wildfires.

scholarly journals Ubiquitous influence of wildfire emissions and secondary organic aerosol on summertime atmospheric aerosol in the forested Great Lakes region

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 3701-3715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gunsch ◽  
Nathaniel W. May ◽  
Miao Wen ◽  
Courtney L. H. Bottenus ◽  
Daniel J. Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Biomass Burning Particles

Abstract. Long-range aerosol transport affects locations hundreds of kilometers from the point of emission, leading to distant particle sources influencing rural environments that have few major local sources. Source apportionment was conducted using real-time aerosol chemistry measurements made in July 2014 at the forested University of Michigan Biological Station near Pellston, Michigan, a site representative of the remote forested Great Lakes region. Size-resolved chemical composition of individual 0.5–2.0 µm particles was measured using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS), and non-refractory aerosol mass less than 1 µm (PM1) was measured with a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS). The field site was influenced by air masses transporting Canadian wildfire emissions and urban pollution from Milwaukee and Chicago. During wildfire-influenced periods, 0.5–2.0 µm particles were primarily aged biomass burning particles (88 % by number). These particles were heavily coated with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during transport, with organics (average O∕C ratio of 0.8) contributing 89 % of the PM1 mass. During urban-influenced periods, organic carbon, elemental carbon–organic carbon, and aged biomass burning particles were identified, with inorganic secondary species (ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate) contributing 41 % of the PM1 mass, indicative of atmospheric processing. With current models underpredicting organic carbon in this region and biomass burning being the largest combustion contributor to SOA by mass, these results highlight the importance for regional chemical transport models to accurately predict the impact of long-range transported particles on air quality in the upper Midwest, United States, particularly considering increasing intensity and frequency of Canadian wildfires.

A Reconsideration of Aboriginal Fishing Strategies in the Northern Great Lakes Region

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Rapalje Martin
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Fishing Strategies ◽  
Prey Specificity

Aboriginal northern Great Lakes fishing strategies varied with season, target species, and organization of the labor force. The placement of Woodland archaeological sites complied with the structure of these fisheries, but their locations do not reflect prey specificity or one specialized technology. Rather, resource-general locations suggest an essential step in the process of specialization. Flexibility in settlement and social styles existed among prehistoric foragers of the midlatitudes, as did a variety of solutions to food-getting problems. Slow, accretional processes rather than temporally discrete growth processes were responsible for Late Woodland site characteristics in this region. Stable locational-selection patterns are visible through reexamination of the historical data base and through statistical analyses of environmental factors associated with sites at a number of Woodland localities.

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