A Second-Terrace Perspective on Monks Mound

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Collins ◽  
Michael L. Chalfant
Keyword(s):  
Complex Societies ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Support Theory ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Mass Psychology ◽  
Monks Mound ◽  
And Function

Monks Mound is a premier example of monumental architecture occupying the center of Cahokia, the largest prehistoric Indian site north of Mexico. A massive slump on the so-called "second terrace" of the mound prompted geoarchaeological testing resulting in new data concerning the age and function of this enigmatic structure. These data support theory suggesting that construction of monumental architecture is most likely to occur early in the development of complex societies, in this case the Cahokia polity. It is concluded that Monks Mound was a purposeful political tool for the manipulation of mass psychology.

scholarly journals “Thirst for Obedience”: A Freudian Analysis of the Father-Leader in Adorno and Beauvoir

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Ostro
Keyword(s):  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Symbolic Gesture ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Mass Psychology ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Theodor W. Adorno’s 1951 essay, “A Freudian analysis of Fascist Propaganda,” is a fertileground for comparison with the work of feminist existential philosopher Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, which was published just a couple of years earlier in 1949. The following exposition of Adorno’s essay and the “Introductory" and “Independent Woman” chapters in Beauvoir’s The Second Sex examines how Adorno’s application of Freudian psychoanalytic theory of mass psychology and the modern authoritarian state aligns with Beauvoir’s theoretical dialectic of the man as transcendent Subject versus the woman as immanent Other. The connective thread in both contexts is a hegemonic teleology of dominance. This hegemony is the apparatus and function of both predominately male fascist dictators and sexist social actors who pander to collective entities of followers captivated by the ostensible auspices of the Father-Leader. The following use of the term Father-Leader will be used as a symbolic gesture and catch-all term to simplify the analogy between Adorno’s fascist dictator and the historically paternalistic man. The symbolic authority of the Father-Leader lies in his ability to generate an affect-driven, hypnotic libidinal bond through the mechanisms of identification and idealization with a mass ancillary entity, in this case either a fascist following of a nation or a large majority of the population, thus maintaining social and political privilege, influence, and control.

Conclusions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
And Function

This book began by stating that histories of religious architecture can be accounts of both buildings and people. This particular history, focused on the archaeological evidence for the development of cult buildings in early central Italy, has reconsidered traditional narratives about the form and function of Etrusco-Italic religious architecture and proposed an alternative reconstruction of how their architects and audiences may have interacted with one another in Rome, Latium, and Etruria between the ninth and the sixth centuries BC. Comparison with the construction of monumental temples elsewhere also indicated that settlements including Rome, Satricum, Pyrgi, and Tarquinia can perhaps be considered part of a network of Archaic Mediterranean settlements with material, commercial, and religious connections, and that monumental architecture may have been a mechanism for successful social interaction. This study has therefore supported the suggestion that the physical and social fabric of ancient communities were closely linked, and that regional studies of Latium and Etruria may furthermore benefit from being set in Italic and Mediterranean contexts. This concluding chapter briefly recapitulates the arguments made in the main body of the book and the significance of each of those arguments for studies of ancient architecture and society. It also assesses how these findings relate to broader debates about Archaic Italy. Finally, it acknowledges the limitations of this analysis and highlights opportunities for future research. Part I of this book demonstrated that ancient religious architecture was a protean phenomenon. Three chapters analysed the ambiguous evidence for Iron Age sacred huts, the range of different buildings types associated with ritual activities in the seventh century BC, and the emergence of a separate architectural language for religious buildings during the Archaic period. Detailed analyses of foundations and roofs revealed that as changes in technology and society led to the widespread use of more permanent building materials, the physical fabric of central Italic settlements was also increasingly marked by the use of particular architectural forms and decorations to differentiate cult buildings from other structures, setting them apart in a form of architectural consecration.

Introduction—Minoan Built Environment: Past Studies, Recent Perspectives, and Future Challenges

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Letesson ◽  
Carl Knappett
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Residential Quarters ◽  
And Function ◽  
Intensive Work

Architecture and urbanism have been of constant interest to Minoan archaeologists since the beginning of the twentieth century. While there is some scholarly bias to this, with the field deeply affected by Sir Arthur Evans’s focus on the monumental architecture of Knossos, Minoan Crete continues to yield abundant evidence for a substantial built environment. Focusing on urban and architectural remains creates a strong bias in favour of one block of time, the Neopalatial period, which produced the largest amount of wellpreserved settlements and buildings. Yet, in general, the evidence we now have on the Minoan built environment is an undeniable resource, one that continues to grow thanks to ongoing studies of pre-existing remains as well as new excavation and survey projects. As is clear in Evans’s magnum opus, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, the large-scale excavations typical of the dawn of the last century were heavily directed towards the urban cores of the largest Minoan sites (e.g. Boyd Hawes et al. 1908; Hutchinson 1950). The bulk of what we know about the Minoan built environment comes from the first half of the twentieth century, initially through the intensive work of the foreign schools at Malia, Phaistos, Palaikastro, Gournia, Mochlos, and Pseira, later joined by countless excavations by Greek archaeologists. Yet, synthetic treatments really only began with the work of James Walter Graham, in the form of numerous papers published in the American Journal of Archaeology (see Letesson 2009 for a detailed review), and especially his Palaces of Crete (Graham 1962). Nonetheless, his comparative analyses, which also dealt with non-palatial buildings, were largely focused on polite architecture. With a particular interest in form and function, he built on Evans’s insights to be the first to identify, across a large sample of buildings, recurring architectural patterns in the Minoan built environment (e.g. Piano Nobile, residential quarters, banquet halls). His studies also included an innovative quantitative component, emphasizing the existence of a unit of length that builders would have used to lay out the palaces and some of the so-called ‘villas’.

Evolution of Classic Period Architecture in the Eastern Acropolis, Copan: A progress report

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Sharer ◽  
Julia C. Miller ◽  
Loa P. Traxler
Keyword(s):  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Sociopolitical Complexity ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maya Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Architectural Transformation ◽  
Settlement Survey

AbstractInterpreting the social meaning of polity center architecture opens a window onto the organization and history of the society responsible for its construction. Our research is designed to examine the form, function, and organization of Copan's Acropolis architecture. Through a unique program of tunneling, surface excavation, and architectural recording, more than 400 years of monumental architecture (c. A.D. 400–800) are being documented and analyzed to comprehend the evolution of the Acropolis and its role in the Copan polity. The dramatic erosion cut through the eastern Acropolis edge allows ready access to all major construction levels and presents a rare opportunity for extensive exposure of superimposed architectural plans. Our tunneling excavation methods provide a more complete, less destructive, and more efficient means of such documentation. Exposed architecture is being recorded by a computer-assisted mapping program, its first application to the sequential development of Classic Maya architecture, and its first use in tunnel excavations. As a result, our research is documenting the architectural transformation of the Acropolis during the time of Copan's increasing sociopolitical complexity and is doing so at a level of detail impossible to achieve by most projects using traditional archaeological techniques. The correspondence between architectural data and data sets from epigraphy, iconography, and settlement survey is being evaluated in light of current discussion on the political and economic trajectory of Copan in particular, and in general, the architectural expression of political power and integration in complex societies.

scholarly journals Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Monumental Sculpture ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
City State ◽  
Full Consideration

Few subjects have excited the imagination of archaeologists working in ancient complex societies as have monumentality and urban planning. Yet the two topics are rarely explicitly theorized in a sustained integrated investigation within a single study, despite the fact that monumental architecture is often considered a primary basis for identifying the presence of urban planning. This article makes the related methodological arguments that both phenomena benefit from a more full consideration of one another, and that the meaningful aspect of monumentality and urban symbology needs to be considered in conjunction with the formal aspect of monuments and urban layouts. These positions are then implemented in a study of the Syro-Anatolian city-state system that existed in the ancient Near East during the early first millennium bc. The capital cities of these polities were characterized by a program of monumentality that brought royalty, city walls, gates and monumental sculpture into an unmistakable constellation of associations. The consistency of this pattern of monumentality and urban form suggests that at least a degree of urban planning existed.

Approaching monumental architecture: mechanics and movement in Archaic Etruscan palaces

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen E. Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Spatial Experience ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
And Function

This paper reassesses the architectural setting of a group of monumental buildings dating to the sixth centurybcfrom the Etruscan area of central Italy, sometimes referred to as palaces, orpalazzi. Although scholars traditionally have focused on classifying the buildings, the architectural form is here examined through close comparative analysis of spatial mechanics and movement. Focusing on case-studies from Poggio Civitate (Murlo) and Acquarossa, the author reconstructs the architectural processes of movement, particularly between the exterior and interior spaces arranged around a characteristic courtyard, and concludes that the structures are indicative of a unique Etruscan experience rather than that of Mediterranean palaces more generally. The author calls for a shift away from attempts to categorize these monumental structures in favour of a close analysis of spatial experience in order to explore better their architectural impact and function.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of the Temple of the Monkey—The Next Step Towards a Comprehensive Absolute Chronology of Pachacamac, Peru

Radiocarbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Michczyński ◽  
Peter Eeckhout ◽  
Anna Pazdur ◽  
Jacek Pawlyta
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Shed Light

The ongoing Ychsma Project aims to shed light on the chronology and function of the late Prehispanic period at the well-known archaeological site of Pachacamac, Peru, through extensive archaeological research. The Temple of the Monkey is a special building that has been cleared, mapped, and excavated within the general framework of the study of “pyramids with ramps,” the most common form of monumental architecture at the site. Through the application of radiocarbon measurements, it can be shown that the temple has been used for around 150 yr and therefore is quite different from other pyramids with ramps previously studied (see Michczyński et al. 2003). Details of the temple, 14C sample selection, and methodology, as well as results, are discussed in this paper. The research has allowed us to make significant advances in the current understanding of pyramids with ramps and the function of the site of Pachacamac as a whole.

scholarly journals The daughter centriole controls ciliogenesis by regulating Neurl-4 localization at the centrosome

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhalim Loukil ◽  
Kati Tormanen ◽  
Christine Sütterlin
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Multiciliated Cells ◽  
Mother Centriole ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dependent Processes ◽  
Daughter Centriole ◽  
In Cells

The two centrioles of the centrosome differ in age and function. Although the mother centriole mediates most centrosome-dependent processes, the role of the daughter remains poorly understood. A recent study has implicated the daughter centriole in centriole amplification in multiciliated cells, but its contribution to primary ciliogenesis is unclear. We found that manipulations that prevent daughter centriole formation or induce its separation from the mother abolish ciliogenesis. This defect was caused by stabilization of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 and was corrected by CP110 depletion. CP110 dysregulation may be caused by effects on Neurl-4, a daughter centriole–associated ubiquitin ligase cofactor, which was required for ciliogenesis. Centrosome-targeted Neurl-4 was sufficient to restore ciliogenesis in cells with manipulated daughter centrioles. Interestingly, early during ciliogenesis, Neurl-4 transiently associated with the mother centriole in a process that required mother–daughter centriole proximity. Our data support a model in which the daughter centriole promotes ciliogenesis through Neurl-4–dependent regulation of CP110 levels at the mother centriole.

Distribution and function of embedded V–Neg in Norwegian: A corpus study

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Louise Ringstad
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Embedded Clauses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractMainland Scandinavian displays a main clause phenomenon (MCP), where some embedded clauses allow the word order V(erb)–Neg(ation), in addition to the canonical Neg–V. Much has been written on the licensing conditions for embedded V–Neg, but formulating the exact conditions has proven difficult. This may be due to the fact that research has typically focussed on selected sets of clauses allowing this phenomenon and much of it has been based on the authors’ grammaticality judgements. Drawing conclusions about the licensing conditions for embedded V–Neg requires examining all types of environments that allow it in natural speech as well as the types of environments that disallow it. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to map out the full distribution of embedded V–Neg. This paper examines embedded V–Neg collected from five corpora of spontaneous Norwegian speech. The data provide information on the relative frequency of V–Neg in various constructions and identify hitherto unattested contexts for this word order. The paper shows that V–Neg is productive in adjunct clauses, a fact difficult to accommodate under accounts claiming it is licensed under selection of specific predicates. The data support a more discourse-oriented approach to embedded V–Neg.

Diet and Rank in a Caribbean Maritime Society

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Crock ◽  
Nanny Carder
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Status Differentiation ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractThe investigation of social inequality in the Caribbean mainly has focused on the larger islands of the Greater Antilles where ethnohistoric records and monumental architecture form the basis for analysis of precolumbian complex societies. This paper presents evidence for status differentiation in the Lesser Antilles on the small island of Anguilla within a deposit at the Sandy Hill site and evaluates associated archaeofauna for evidence of rank-based differences in food consumption. When compared with three other sites, the higher density of status-related artifacts and higher densities of food remains at the Sandy Hill site are interpreted as the result of feasting. No evidence for inequality is observed in patterns of food consumption.

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