Areal Decrease, Density Increase, and Circumscription: A Mathematical Note

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Robert Bates Graber
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
The State ◽  
Density Increase ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Mathematical Note ◽  
Environmental Destruction ◽  
Early States ◽  
Sociocultural Evolution ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Nonstate Societies

Population density increases whenever a population grows more rapidly, or shrinks more slowly, than the area it inhabits; areal contraction therefore accelerates density increase. This consideration not only reinforces Dickson's (1987) suggestion that circumscription by anthropogenic environmental destruction contributed to the rise of some early states; it also implies that rate of density increase should be distinguished, as a motor of sociocultural evolution, from density itself. In light of this distinction the rise of the state in southwestern Iran, and occasional instances of high density among nonstate societies, are not necessarily inconsistent with population-pressure theories.

Circumscription by Anthropogenic Environmental Destruction: An Expansion of Carneiro's (1970) Theory of the Origin of the State

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-716
Author(s):  
D. Bruce Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Environmental Destruction ◽  
Early States ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
Changing Patterns

Carneiro (1970) asserts that social and environmental "circumscription" were primary stimuli for the emergence of the archaic state. He presents the environment as an essentially fixed set of natural conditions which impose constraints upon society. However, paleoenvironmental research and contemporary experience indicate that desertification, deforestation, salinization, and other salient environmental conditions confronting early states were neither fixed nor natural, but apparently dynamic products of direct human ecological intervention. This paper reviews evidence from southern Mesopotamia and suggests that Carneiro's thesis be amended to include changing patterns of "artificial" circumscription brought about by anthropogenic environmental destruction.

scholarly journals Association of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) population density with climate variables in Montes Claros, an area of American visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1191-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érika Monteiro Michalsky ◽  
Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias ◽  
João Carlos França-Silva ◽  
Marilia Fonseca Rocha ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Barata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Climate Variables

Against the Mane: How Barbaric Was the ‘The Golden Age of Barbarians’?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-714
Author(s):  
Joshua Wright
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The State ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Pastoral Nomads ◽  
Early States ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
Historical Times

Against the Grain is both a wide-ranging voyage of discovery and a regionally focused study of the trajectory of agriculture from its earliest appearance until historical times, coupled with discussion of the mechanisms that maintained early states. For Scott, the state is a fragile entity (pp. 21, 23, 118, 125) based on the production of grain, along with water transport, city walls, tax collection, specialized administrators, monumental centres, kings, social hierarchy, filth, epidemic disease and an insatiable demand for enslaved labour. With such a definition, there is a little hope that the societies of Eurasian pastoral nomads can be seen as anything other than ‘barbarians’ living outside the laws and hierarchies of agricultural states. It is these Eurasian nomadic pastoralists and their relations with the state that will form the focus of this commentary.

scholarly journals Life quality and living standards in big cities under conditions of high-rise construction development

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 03013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Avdeeva ◽  
Tatiana Averina ◽  
Larisa Kochetova
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
High Rise

Modern urbanization processes occurring on a global scale inevitably lead to an increase in population density in large cities. People assess the state of life quality and living standards of megalopolises under conditions of high-rise construction development ambiguously. Using SWOT analysis, the authors distinguished positive and negative aspects of high-rise construction, highlighted threats to its development and its opportunities. The article considers the model of development of the city’s industry and infrastructure, which enables determining the optimal volume of production by sectors and branches of city economy in order to increase its innovative, production and economic potential and business activity.

Agrarian Structure and the State in Java and Bangladesh

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Hart
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Agrarian Structure

On the face of it, rural Java and Bangladesh appear remarkably similar. The similarities are particularly pronounced in lowland Java and southeastern Bangladesh where there are virtually identical population densities and nearly universal modern rice technology. Extraordinary population pressure on the land is accompanied by minute farm size and, despite lower land concentration than in many other parts of the world, both Java and Bangladesh display substantial disparities in control over land and high levels of landlessness or near-landlessness.

scholarly journals Enviromental factors as the elements determing the development of floating homes

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Emilia MISZEWSKA ◽  
Maciej NIEDOSTATKIEWICZ ◽  
Radosław WIŚNIEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of Floating Homes in Western Europe and North America is noticeable. The interest in these facilities in Poland is also constantly growing. The popularity of Floating Homes is due to climate change, rising land prices and population density in city centers. However, environmental factors play a significant role in their development. The publication presents the results of research on the impact of environmental factors on the development of Floating Homes in Poland. As part of the research, the most important environmental factors were identified and then, using the State of the Surroundings Scenarios (SSS) method, an initial scenario of their development was developed. The most probable scenario was developed, the purpose of which was to identify the most favorable factors - strengths and unfavorable factors - weaknesses responsible for the development opportunities of Floating Homes in Poland. Additionally, a surprise scenario was prepared, which indicated factors that may unexpectedly accelerate the development of Floating Homes in Poland or slow it down.

scholarly journals A Multi-Disciplinary Review of Current Sea-Level Rise Research in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cathey Linhoss ◽  
Lisa Gardner Chambers ◽  
Kevin Wozniak ◽  
Tom Ankersen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Coastal Population

Sea-level rise is an issue of paramount importance for the state of Florida due to its lengthy coastline, low relief, high coastal population density, ecologically and economically vital beaches, estuaries, and wetlands, and porous limestone geology. The rate of sea-level rise in Florida generally follows the global average (~3 mm per year) and is slowly gaining public attention as a significant threat to the natural and socioeconomic future of the state. This 18-page multi-disciplinary review provides an annotated bibliographic summary of current peer-reviewed literature regarding sea-level rise in Florida. Written by Anna Cathey Linhoss, Lisa Gardner Chambers, Kevin Wozniak, and Tom Ankersen, and published by the UF Department of Sea Grant, February 2013.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg125

scholarly journals CURRENT ISSUES OF RESETTLEMENT FROM THE SOUTHERN REGIONS TO THE NORTHERN REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gabdulina ◽  
◽  
M. Ykyla ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
The State ◽  
State Program ◽  
Northern Regions

Currently, the country is developing a demographic imbalance. According to statistics, the Northern regions (North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, and Kostanay regions) have a population of about 2.2 million people, and the population density is 6.8 million people, compared to the southern regions (South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, and Almaty regions). By 2050, the population of the Northern regions is projected to decrease by 0.9 million people, while the population of the southern regions will increase by 5.2 million people. The population density in the southern regions will be 4 times higher than in the Northern ones. As one of the measures to restore this imbalance, the state program of voluntary relocation of the population from the southern regions to the Northern ones was launched. Under this program, conditions are created for those who move to the Northern regions, there are various benefits and material rewards. But while this program has significant advantages, it also has disadvantages. How do I fix them? What is being done for this purpose? In this article, we will try to find answers to these questions.

scholarly journals Why do per capita COVID-19 Case Rates Differ Between U.S. States?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Chambless
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Political Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
State Population ◽  
Case Rate ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Party Differences

AbstractBackgroundThe popular press has explored the differences among U.S. states in rates of COVID-19 cases, mostly focusing on political party differences, and often mentioning that political party differences in health outcomes are confounded by demographic and socio-economic differences between Democratic areas and Republican areas. The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of these issues.Design and MethodsState-specific COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people was the main outcome studied, with explanatory variables from Bureau of Census surveys, including percentages of the state population that were Hispanic, black, below poverty level, had at least a bachelor’s degree, or were uninsured, along with median age, median income, population density, and degree of urbanization. We also included political party in power as an explanatory variable in multiple linear regression. The units of analysis in this study are the 50 U.S. states.ResultsAll explanatory variables were at least marginally statistically significantly associated with case rate in univariate regression analysis, except for population density and urbanization. All the census characteristics were at least marginally associated with party in power in one factor analysis of variance, except for percentage black. In a forward stepwise procedure in a multivariable model for case rate, percentages of the state population that were Hispanic or black, median age, median income, population density, and (residual) percentage poverty were retained as statistically significant and explained 62% of the variation between states in case rates. In a model with political party in power included, along with any additional variables that notably affected the adjusted association between party in power and case rate, 69% of the variance between states in case rates was explained, and adjusted case rates per 100,000 people were 2155 for states with Democratic governments, 2269 for states with mixed governments, and 2738 for Republican-led states. These estimates are based on data through October 8, 2020.ConclusionsU.S. state-specific demographic and socio-economic variables are strongly associated with the states’ COVID-19 case rates, so must be considered in analysis of variation in case rates between the states. Adjusting for these factors, states with Democrats as the party in power have lower case rates than Republican-led states.

scholarly journals Impact of anthropic activities on the geographic landscapes’ state in the area of Republic of Moldova in XXI century

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Iurii Bejan ◽  
Nicolae Boboc ◽  
Valentina Muntean
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
The State ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Anthropic Pressure

Considerable anthropization degree of environment during the modern period had determined a gradual sinking of ecological stability of geographical landscapes, especially given the predominance of agricultural landscapes which occupy 73.4% from total area of Republic of Moldova at present [1]. Land Cadastre data for Republic of Moldova (2000-2020) [2] and population level’s statistical data (2000-2019) [3] was used to obtain a few indicators that reflect the state of geographical landscapes (population density, naturality index and environmental changes index) and quantify the anthropic pressure on the geographical landscapes at the commune level. We had used the period of 2000-2020 as the reference period.

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