What Are the Chances of Finding Maize in Peru Dating before 1000 B.C.?: Reply to Bonavia and Grobman

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McKelvy Bird
Keyword(s):  
Central Coast ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
North Central ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Preceramic Period

Maize is claimed to occur occasionally in preceramic deposits in Peru. Cobs, kernels, tassels, pollen, and plant parts have been reported to be associated with Cotton Preceramic period refuse (ca. 2500–1750 B.C., uncorrected) in several north-central coast sites. Maize has been found in some much earlier highland occupations that also have yielded a wide range of ancient dates. These samples represent many types, some with characteristics not found again until late in the first millennium A.D. This arouses suspicion. Checking of artifacts, ecofacts, and radiocarbon dates associated with the maize reveals some that are less than 100 years old and many that are less than 1,500 years old. It also reveals shallow deposits and/or much disturbed context.

Ventilated Hearth Structures in the Casma Valley, Peru

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pozorski ◽  
Shelia Pozorski
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Preceramic Period

Recent investigations in the Casma Valley on the north-central coast of Peru have uncovered a series of circular and rectangular/square structures, each containing a central hearth associated with either four subfloor ventilation shafts or a single open ventilation trough. The structures date to the Late Preceramic period (2500-1800 B. C.) and the Initial period (1800-900 B. C.). All are small and were originally roofed with perishable materials to hold in heat and smoke from the central hearth. It seems likely that these ventilated hearths represent a coastal variant of the Kotosh Religious Tradition that has been well documented in the Peruvian Highlands. The structures probably served as ritual chambers for small groups of people, somewhat analogous to the sweathouses of various Native American groups.

A Prehistoric Ford near Rough Castle, Falkirk

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
JAMIE HAMILTON ◽  
CIARA CLARKE ◽  
ANDREW DUNWELL ◽  
RICHARD TIPPING
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Site Formation Processes ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
First Millennium

This report presents the results of the excavation of a stone ford laid across the base of a small stream valley near Rough Castle, Falkirk. It was discovered during an opencast coal mining project. Radiocarbon dates and pollen analysis of deposits overlying the ford combine to indicate a date for its construction no later than the early first millennium cal BC. Interpreting this evidence was not straightforward and the report raises significant issues about site formation processes and the interpretation of radiocarbon and pollen evidence. The importance of these issues extends beyond the rarely investigated features such as fords and deserve a larger place in the archaeological literature.

scholarly journals The Culture of the Sakas of Semirechye: Contemporary State and Current Issues of Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Ernar A. Estemesov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
The Third ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Second Category

Purpose. The article describes the history and analysis of the main issues in the study of archaeological sites of the Saka period in Semirechye. They are presented by three main types on this territory: burial and memorial complexes, settlements and hoards. The first type of monuments includes numerous burial mounds, where the elite burials of “royal” type and ordinary burials are located. Both social groups are combined by the unity of funeral rites, and the main differences are the complexity of architecture, memorial practices, and richness of burial equipment in the “royal” type burial mounds. The second category of monuments is presented by the settlements that are mostly small in size. The constructions like half dugouts were discovered on them, which gave a rich ceramic material. The third type of monuments of the Saka period in Semirechye includes numerous hoards of bronze items. Some of them are represented by the cult objects (sacrificial tables, lamps and cauldrons) that mark the places of worship. A significant percentage of the hoards contain items of weapons, horse equipment and household purposes and, apparently, serve as offerings to the spirits. However, despite the considerable progress in the study of the Saka monuments of the Semirechye Region, the main problem is their cultural attribution at this time. Some researchers suggest that the independent Saka archaeological culture was formed and developed on the territory of Semirechye in the Early Iron Age, while others believe that the Saka monuments of this region belong to the broader historical and cultural community that also covers the neighboring regions of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang. Results Another important issue in the study of the Saka sites of Semirechye is to clarify the chronology of burial and memorial complexes. Up to now, the significant database of radiocarbon dates has been accumulated, which allows us to consider the chronological positions of a wide range of monuments in a new way. It was of great importance to obtain such dates from several burials of Karatuma necropolis, which showed that it belonged to the Saka period, since burial monuments of this appearance are traditionally dated back to the Wusun period. Conclusion. The necessity of solution of these problems is an urgent task for further research of burial and settlement objects of the Saka period in this region.

scholarly journals The excavation of pit circles at Romancamp Gate, Fochabers, Moray, 1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
Gordon J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Regional Council ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
Mesolithic Period

The excavation was undertaken with the funding and support of Grampian Regional Council to test hypotheses relating to the interpretation of cropmark pit circles: were they Neolithic or Bronze Age ceremonial or funerary structures, or were they Iron Age houses, and to what extent could the two classifications be differentiated on aerial photographs? The excavation revealed the remains of four circles (between 8.5 m and 11.5 m in diameter) of large post- holes, fence lines (one with a gate), and many other pits and post-holes. Radiocarbon dates place the post circles late in the first millennium BC uncal. The pit circles may be interpreted as the main structural elements of four substantial round houses, two of which burned down. Flint tools of the Mesolithic period were recovered.

scholarly journals PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF 11 GORGONIAN CORALS (OCTOCORALLIA: ALCYONACEA) IN THE NORTH CENTRAL COAST OF VIETNAM BASED ON MSH1MTDNA AND 28S RDNA MARKERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
pp. 505-514
Author(s):  
Nguyen Chi Mai ◽  
◽  
NinhThi Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Xuan Cuong ◽  
Nguyen Hoai Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
28S Rdna ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Gorgonian Corals ◽  
Coast Of Vietnam

Vietnam contains diverse marine ecosystems with the high biodiversity of marine organisms, including gorgonian corals of Alcyonacea order. In order to support traditional classification of these corals, in this study mitochondrial barcoding markers msh1 and nuclear 28S rDNA were developed for analysis of 11 specimens collected in 2015 and 2016 from different islands and bays along the North Central coast of Vietnam. Phylogenetic analyses based on msh1 and 28S sequence polymorphism showed that all specimens belonged to Anthozoa class, Octocorallia sub-class and Alcyonacea order. At lower taxa levels, they were divided into 4 sub-orders, 7 families and 7 genera according to 7 distinct clades with bootstrap values from 99-100%.The identifications of 7 out of 11 specimens including Sinularia brassica (2 specimens)and Sinularialeptoclados, Dichotellagemmacea, Annella reticulata, S. conferta and S. nanolobata were in concordance between morphological and molecular methods. The other 4 specimens were only identified at genus levels of Astrogorgia sp., Melithaea sp. Scleronephthya sp. and Muricella sp. by either msh1-morphology or msh1-28S markers. These results highlight the importance of molecular markers to elucidate patterns of biodiversity and species identification of soft coral.

scholarly journals A Range Extension for the Rock Vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, in Labrador

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah W. Lansing
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Range Extension ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Island

Rock Voles (Microtus chrotorrhinus) were previously documented only from the southern coast of Labrador and the Strait of Belle Isle south of Hamilton Inlet. During two field seasons in 2000 and 2001, both in July, six Rock Vole specimens were collected on Southern Island, off the north-central coast of Labrador, extending the range of the subspecies Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus approximately 250 km to the central Labrador coast north of Hamilton Inlet. Rock Voles were trapped primarily in stunted Black Spruce (Picea mariana) forest and areas associated with rocks, thick brush, and water.

scholarly journals COMPARISION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE FLOWER BUDS, PEDICELS AND LEAVES OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERRIL AND PERRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Rajalekshmy V. S. ◽  
V. Manimekalai
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Chemical

Objective: To analyse and compare the major chemical components in the flower buds, pedicels and leaves of Syzygium aromaticum by Gas-Chromatography Mass spectrometry technique. Methods: Healthy and mature flower buds, pedicels and leaves were shade dried and pulverized using a mechanical grinder. The powder was successively extracted with ethanol (40-60o C). The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The ethanolic extracts of the plant parts such as leaves, pedicels, and buds were used for GC-MS analysis.Results: The major constituent is eugenol. Pedicels contain 79.75% eugenol, buds contain 74.12% eugenol and leaves contain 51.03% eugenol. In addition to eugenol, other important components are Acetyl eugenol, Caryophyllene, Humulene and Caryophyllene oxide.Conclusion: Eugenol has a wide range of medicinal properties such as antiseptic, anaesthetic, analgesic anti-inflammatory. Commercially pedicel is not used for eugenol extraction. Present study has revealed that it could be used as a promising one in pharmaceutical industry in addition to flower buds.

Comparative Profiling of Four Lignans (Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Nirtetralin, and Niranthin) in Nine Phyllanthus Species from India Using a Validated Reversed Phase HPLC-PDA Detection Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinal Patel ◽  
Padamnabhi Shanker Nagar ◽  
Kalpana Pal ◽  
Raghuraj Singh ◽  
Tushar Dhanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase Hplc ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Herbal Formulations

Abstract Background Phyllanthus species exhibit a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities; however, little is known about the compounds present in the extracts that are responsible for such actions. Objective Development and validation of a simple reversed phase HPLC-PDA method for profiling of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin in extracts of Phyllanthus species was carried out. Methods Separation was achieved using an XBridge column® (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm id) in an isocratic elution mode with mobile phase comprising of a mixture of acetonitrile and water with TFA (0.05%, v/v, pH = 2.15) at ambient temperature with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Results Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin were eluted at mean retention times of 10.47, 11.10, 13.67, and 14.53 min, respectively. LOD and LOQ for all four analytes were 0.75 and 3.00 μg/mL, respectively. RSDr values for intraday and interday precision for phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin were 0.38–1.32 and 0.45–1.77%; 0.22–3.69 and 0.24–3.04%, 0.73–2.37 and 0.09–0.31%, and 1.56–2.77 and 0.12–0.68%, respectively. Conclusions The developed and validated HPLC-PDA method was applied for identification and quantification of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin in extracts of different plant parts of selected Phyllanthus species. The outcome of the present investigation could be useful for selection of best species to promote its commercial cultivation and suitable extraction solvent for preparation of lignan-enriched fractions. This HPLC-PDA method could be useful for quality control of herbal formulations containing plants from Phyllanthus species.

Fish Otoliths as Indicators of Seasonality in Prehistoric Shell Middens: the Evidence from Oronsay (Inner Hebrides)

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Mellars ◽  
M. R. Wilkinson ◽  
N. R. J. Fieller
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Chief Interest

The samples to be discussed in this paper derive from a series of late Mesolithic shell-midden sites on the island of Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides. Despite the small size of the island (less than six square kilometres) at least six separate middens have now been identified on Oronsay, of which all except one are located along the south-east-facing coast of the island (fig. 1). Radiocarbon dates ranging from 3695 ± 80 to 3200 ± 380 bc have been obtained on samples of charcoal from the middens, and point to a considerable measure of chronological overlap in the occupation of the different sites (Mellars 1978).Archaeologically, the chief interest of these sites lies in the excellent conditions for the preservation of faunal remains, which provides a unique insight into the economic activities of coastal-living groups shortly before the appearance of formally ‘Neolithic’ communities in northern Britain. In addition to a wide range of molluscan, mammalian and bird remains, the sites have yielded exceptionally large numbers of fish bones. While the total range of fish exploited from the sites is impressive (comprising at least 12 species), analysis has shown that by far the major emphasis in the fishing activities was placed on the exploitation of a single species—the saithe or coalfish (Pollachius virens L.). In all the samples so far analysed this species accounts for at least 95 per cent of the total fish-bone material, and in many of the samples it is the only species represented.

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