Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Yerkes
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
American Bottom ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Shell Beads ◽  
Poverty Point

Samples of microdrills, microblades, and microcores from the Powell Mound (11-Ms-46) and the Dunham tract (11-S-34/4) of the Cahokia site near St. Louis, and a small number of Jaketown perforators from the Poverty Point site, Louisiana, were examined for microwear traces, using the methods outlined by L. H. Keeley. Many archaeologists have assumed that the microdrills in the Cahokia microlithic industry were used by craft specialists to produce drilled disc beads and other items made from marine and freshwater shell. Microwear analysis of the Cahokia microdrills showed they were specialized tools, used almost exclusively to drill shell material, while the Jaketown perforators were used to drill a variety of materials. This alone does not establish the existence of craft specialization at Cahokia. The distribution of microdrills and shell artifacts at Cahokia and throughout the Cahokia settlement system on the American Bottom indicates shell craft production was not restricted to “guild areas.” The shell beads produced by the microdrills may have served as ritual tokens or currency as well as ornaments, but they were not necessarily produced by full-time specialists who were part of a state-level society.

Union Threat Effects and the Decline in Employer-Provided Health Insurance

ILR Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-445
Author(s):  
Craig A. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
State Level ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Private Sector Union ◽  
Threat Effect

Employer-provided health insurance decreased by an average of almost 0.6 percentage points per year for adults aged 18 to 64 who were working full-time in the private sector between 1983 and 2007. Most of this decline was among non-union workers. This study reports estimates that suggest the decrease was caused by a decline employers faced in the threat of being unionized, as measured by the drop in state-level private-sector union density over the 25 years and across the 50 states. The author hypothesizes the decline in union density caused some non-union employers to decide not to offer health insurance. The study shows the importance of accounting for measurement error in union density when estimating the declining threat effect of unionization on non-union employer-provided health insurance coverage.

The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast

Antiquity ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 924-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert D. G. Maschner
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Political Complexity ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Ethnographic History

The northern Northwest Coast supported some of the most socially complex hunting and gathering societies on the Pacific Coast. The Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian of this region share a rich ethnographic history that reveals hereditary social ranking, sedentary villages, intensive warfare, part-time craft specialization and dense populations. Models developed to explain the origins of social and political complexity among these groups have covered the gamut of theories presented for the rise of complexity in state level societies. As will be demonstrated, not only have archaeologists failed to present a theory that explains the rangeof variability in the data, but on the northern Northwest Coast, the actual timing of the origins of political complexity is suspect.

Farm income and output and lending by the farm credit system

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Nadolnyak ◽  
Xuan Shen ◽  
Valentina Hartarska
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
State Level ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Financial Markets

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the positive impact of the FCS lending on farm incomes which should be useful to policymakers as they consider reforms and further support for this 100-year-old major agricultural lender. Design/methodology/approach The authors construct a panel for the 1991-2010 period from the FCS financial statements and evaluate how lending by the FCS institutions has affected farm incomes and farm output. The authors use fixed effects estimations and control for credit by other agricultural lenders as well as the stock of capital, prices, and interest rates. Since previous work suggests that rural financial markets are segmented and the FCS serves larger full-time farmers with mostly real-estate backed loans, the authors evaluate the impacts of farm real-estate backed loans and of short-term agricultural loans separately for a shorter period for which the data is available. The authors also perform robustness checks with alternative estimation techniques. Findings The authors found a positive association between credit by the FCS institutions and farm income and output. The magnitude of the estimated impact is larger during the 1990s than in the 2000s. Research limitations/implications The positive link between the FCS institutions’ credit and farm incomes and output supports the notion that the FCS lending was beneficial to farmers. The evidence also supports the segmentation hypothesis of rural financial markets. The financial reports data for 1991-2010 are from the ACAs and FLCAs aggregated on the regional level because there is no clear way to classify FCS lending to a more disaggregate level like the state. The authors also assemble and analyze a state-level data set that contains state-level balance sheet data for the period 1991-2003. Originality/value The authors are not aware of another work that directly links (real estate and non-real estate) credit by FCS institutions to agricultural output and farm incomes.

The Impact of Full-Time Enrollment in the First Semester on Community College Transfer Rates: New Evidence from Texas with Pre-College Determinants

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
State Level ◽  
Public High School ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Policy Lever ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Background/Context Recent developments in state-level policy have begun to require, incentivize, and/or encourage students at community colleges to enroll full time in an effort to increase the likelihood that students will persist and transfer to four-year institution where they will be able to complete their bachelor's degree. Often, these policies are predicated on the idea that full-time status is associated with greater engagement on behalf of the student, a concept that has been widely studied in higher education as it relates to student persistence and degree attainment. Purpose Building upon theory and observational studies, I seek to empirically test whether enrolling full time at a community college has a discernible effect on transferring to a four-year university. Research Design I follow four cohorts of first-time traditionally aged college students who graduated from a public high school in Texas in the years 2000–2003 and employ a propensity score matching procedure designed to reduce sample selection bias. Findings I find that enrolling full time increases overall transfer rates by at least 12%. These results are robust to the inclusion of many pre-college factors as well as to a sensitivity analysis, across four separate cohorts. Conclusions/Recommendations This study provides evidence in support of a key policy lever for increase transfer rates already in place in a handful of states: encouraging incentivizing, or requiring full-time enrollment. The key, however, will be to develop policy that results in more students enrolling full time while also maintaining the open access mission of community colleges. While requiring students to enroll full time may not be appropriate in all contexts, states should seriously consider other ways to incentivize or, at a minimum, support and encourage full-time enrollment, particularly for first-time traditionally aged students.

The Path to a Multilateral Investment Court – Keynote to the 4th EFILA Annual Conference 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
Colin Brown
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Dispute Settlement System ◽  
The Eu

Colin Brown, representing the European Commission, presented the EU’s view on the reform of the investment dispute settlement system. At the core of the EU’s proposal is the creation of a permanent Multilateral Investment Court (MIC) with full-time judges. According to the EU, only a permanent standing two-tier mechanism with full-time judges can effectively address the concerns regarding the currently existing investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) system in respect of which reform is – according to the EU – desirable.

scholarly journals Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311986027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Stephanie Moller ◽  
Liana Sayer
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
State Level ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Full Time ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Childcare Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
School Day ◽  
Part Time

This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005–2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers’ odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance.

Preparation of Polydivinylbenzene/Au Core-Shell Beads

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 1515-1518
Author(s):  
K.Xuyen Phan ◽  
Mi Suk Cho ◽  
Jae Do Nam ◽  
Hyouk Ryeol Choi ◽  
Ja Choon Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Gold Complex ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
Seeding Layer ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Phenanthroline Complex ◽  
Shell Beads ◽  
Gold Coverage ◽  
Modification Of The Surface

A novel core-shell material composed of closely packed gold shells on poly (divinylbenzene) (PDVB) cores was fabricated via the reduction of a gold complex. PDVB beads (2-5 +m) were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. The surface of the PDVB beads was modified by three different methods, viz. sulfonation, chloromethylation, and thiolation. The modification of the surface of the PDVB beads was designed to allow the facile attachment of the gold layer onto the PDVB cores. The gold seeding layer was initially formed on the modified PDVB cores by the chemical reduction of a gold-phenanthroline complex. The subsequent growing reactions of NH2OH and HAuCl4 increased the gold coverage to more than 90%. The structure of the PDVB/Au core-shell material was characterized by SEM, XPS, and FT-IR.

Craft and Local Power: Embedded Specialization in Tiwanaku Cities

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wayne Janusek
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
New Evidence

Proponents of many comparative models of craft specialization explain variability in the organization of production according to the nature of elite interest and economic demand. To this end, many propose a basic dichotomy between independent and attached specialization, whereby valued goods are produced for elites in controlled, nondomestic workshops. I examine new evidence for craft production in the prehispanic Andean polity of Tiwanaku (A. D. 500-1150). I outline expectations for these two forms of specialization and, based on ethnohistorical research in the Tiwanaku region, propose a third form, termed embedded specialization. I appraise primary evidence for the production of ceramic vessels at the site of Tiwanaku and the production of musical instruments at the nearby regional site of Lukurmata. Weighing expectations against evidence, I argue that in Tiwanaku centers many goods were produced by kin-based groups residing in large residential compounds. Skilled production served the overarching political economy and the demands of nonspecialists, but it was neither strictly independent of nor directly attached to elite interests. Craft was rooted in segmentary principles of sociopolitical order, and so was local but not wholly autonomous. On a comparative scale, I suggest that embedded production characterized some states emphasizing corporate strategies of political integration.

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