New Perspectives on Moche Metallurgy: Techniques of Gilding Copper at Loma Negra, Northern Peru

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Lechtman ◽  
Antonieta Erlij ◽  
Edward J. Barry

The metal objects found in 1969 at the north Peruvian site of Loma Negra, in the region of Cerro Vicús, form one of the largest and most important single groups of Moche metal artifacts known. Since the objects were looted from burials at the site, they are without context, seriously compounding the problems of their relative chronology within the Moche sequence and of their relations with Moche material from the coast farther to the south. Metallurgical studies of a group of gilt copper objects from Loma Negra have shown that the gilding was achieved by an electrochemical replacement plating process in which gold and silver are dissolved in an aqueous solution of corrosive minerals. The precious metals are then plated from solution onto the copper objects. Moche metal craftsmen can now be credited with having developed the two most sophisticated of Andean gilding procedures: depletion gilding and electrochemical replacement plating.

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jost Casper ◽  
Rainer W. Bussmann ◽  
Tilo Henning

The insectivorous genus Pinguicula occurs along the whole Andean mountain chain from Colombia-Venezuela in the north to Tierra del Fuego in the south with a short interruption in the Peruvian-Chilean desert range. This paper describes a new and striking species of Pinguicula that occurs in the south-eastern part of the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone in north Peru. It grows either as a lithophyte on moist rocks or as an epiphyte on Polylepis multijuga Pilg. in the wet highlands of the Cordillera Central. Pinguicula rosmarieae Casper, Bussmann & T.Henning, sp. nov. is clearly distinguished by a basal rosette of ovate-obovate leaves spread out flat on the ground and especially by a two-partite corolla with a straight uniform tube-spur complex, two features unknown from other Andean Pinguicula species. The morphological similarity to P. calyptrata Kunth is discussed and the habitat and distribution of P. rosmarieae are characterised.


Author(s):  
А.А. Ковалев

В статье приведены данные об абсолютной хронологии комплексов Передней Азии и Закавказья, содержащих аналогии предкавказским бронзовым «украшениям» перв. пол. III тыс. до н. э. Наиболее ранние из них относятся к концу раннего – началу среднего Урука: это золотые кольцевидные и дисковидные медаль­оны без орнамента. Возможно, традиция изготовления этих ритуальных по своей сути предметов могла опосредованно повлиять на формирование традиции изготовления предкавказских кольцевидных и дисковидных медальонов. В комплексах позднего куро-аракса (около 2800–2600 гг. до н. э.) в Закавказье зафиксировано появление простейших стерженьковых подвесок, что может быть объяснено влиянием северных культур, где эти подвески получили широкое распространение с рубежа IV–III тыс. до н. э. О влиянии со стороны Предкавказья говорят и находки в закавказских комплексах второй трети III тыс. до н. э. ряда уникальных предметов «степных» форм (медальоны, костяные молоточковидные булавки, выпуклые пунсонные бляхи и т. п.). С середины III тыс. в Передней Азии распространяются подобия молоточковидных булавок, стерженьковых (грибовидных) подвесок, медальонов, пунсонных блях. В царских могилах Ура и других комплексах периода РДIII, а также Аккада найдены крупные медальоны из драгоценных металлов. Эти медальоны, как и другие престижные предметы, начинают украшать имитацией перевитого шнура. Мотив шнура в тот же период характеризует беденскую культуру в Закавказье. Все это свидетельствует об усилении северного влияния, возможно, вплоть до проникновения в Переднюю Азию групп населения из Предкавказья. The article presents data on the absolute chronology of the closed complexes and sites of Western Asia and the South Caucasus containing artifacts similar to North-Caucasian bronze adornments attributed to the East-European Steppe Middle Bronze period (first half of III mill. BC). The earliest analogies belong to the final Late – beginning of the Middle Uruk: gold ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions without ornamentation. Possibly, the tradition of making these items could indirectly influence the formation of the tradition of manufacturing the Fore-Caucasian ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions. Excavations of late Kura-Araxes (2800–2600 BC) sites in the Transcaucasia show the appearance of the simplest mushroom-shape pendants, which indicates a northern impact. Also about the influence from the North-Caucasus speak evidence in the Transcaucasian complexes of the second third of the 3rd mill. BC a number of unique artifacts of «steppe» forms (medallions, bone hammer-shaped pins, bulging punching badges, etc.). Beginning in the middle of III mill. BC, artifacts similar of hammer-shaped pins, rod-shaped (mushroom-shaped) pendants, tanged medallions, punching badges spread in the Western Asia. Large tanged medallions made from precious metals were found in Royal graves of Ur and other complexes belonged to the EDIII and Akkad periods. These medallions and other prestigious jewelery objects were beginning to be decorated with imitation of twisted «cord». The motif of the cord in the same period characterizes the Bedeni culture in the South Caucasus. This shows an increase in northern influence, perhaps even to the penetration of groups of people from North Caucasus into Western Asia.


2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Vojtech Rušin ◽  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.


Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.


Author(s):  
A., C. Prasetyo

Overpressure existence represents a geological hazard; therefore, an accurate pore pressure prediction is critical for well planning and drilling procedures, etc. Overpressure is a geological phenomenon usually generated by two mechanisms, loading (disequilibrium compaction) and unloading mechanisms (diagenesis and hydrocarbon generation) and they are all geological processes. This research was conducted based on analytical and descriptive methods integrated with well data including wireline log, laboratory test and well test data. This research was conducted based on quantitative estimate of pore pressures using the Eaton Method. The stages are determining shale intervals with GR logs, calculating vertical stress/overburden stress values, determining normal compaction trends, making cross plots of sonic logs against density logs, calculating geothermal gradients, analyzing hydrocarbon maturity, and calculating sedimentation rates with burial history. The research conducted an analysis method on the distribution of clay mineral composition to determine depositional environment and its relationship to overpressure. The wells include GAP-01, GAP-02, GAP-03, and GAP-04 which has an overpressure zone range at depth 8501-10988 ft. The pressure value within the 4 wells has a range between 4358-7451 Psi. Overpressure mechanism in the GAP field is caused by non-loading mechanism (clay mineral diagenesis and hydrocarbon maturation). Overpressure distribution is controlled by its stratigraphy. Therefore, it is possible overpressure is spread quite broadly, especially in the low morphology of the “GAP” Field. This relates to the delta depositional environment with thick shale. Based on clay minerals distribution, the northern part (GAP 02 & 03) has more clay mineral content compared to the south and this can be interpreted increasingly towards sea (low energy regime) and facies turned into pro-delta. Overpressure might be found shallower in the north than the south due to higher clay mineral content present to the north.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed D. Ibrahim

North and South Atlantic lateral volume exchange is a key component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) embedded in Earth’s climate. Northward AMOC heat transport within this exchange mitigates the large heat loss to the atmosphere in the northern North Atlantic. Because of inadequate climate data, observational basin-scale studies of net interbasin exchange between the North and South Atlantic have been limited. Here ten independent climate datasets, five satellite-derived and five analyses, are synthesized to show that North and South Atlantic climatological net lateral volume exchange is partitioned into two seasonal regimes. From late-May to late-November, net lateral volume flux is from the North to the South Atlantic; whereas from late-November to late-May, net lateral volume flux is from the South to the North Atlantic. This climatological characterization offers a framework for assessing seasonal variations in these basins and provides a constraint for climate models that simulate AMOC dynamics.


Author(s):  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Boris Chubarenko ◽  
Boris Chubarenko

Three dumping sites located at the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad Oblast) at shallow depths are considered. The first one is located to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet in front of a permanently eroded open marine shore segment. The second one is located to the north of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, and is used now for disposing of dredged material extracted from the Kaliningrad Seaway Canal. The third dumping site is located near the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula to the east of the Cape Gvardeijski and assigned for disposing the dredged material extracted from the fairway to the Pionerskij Port located nearby. The last site is planned to be used for disposing of dredged material from the future port that should be constructed there before the beginning of the FIFA World Cup 2018. All three dumping sites are located not far from the eroded segments of the shore. The question behind the study is: would it possible that disposed material will naturally transported from the damping site to the shore and accumulate there to protect it from erosion? A numerical hydrodynamic-transport 3D model (MIKE) was used to model sediment transport under different wind actions. The winds with the speed stronger than 15 m/s complete wash out disposed material from the dumping site and spreading it over the wide area with a negligible layer thickness. Winds of about 7-10 m/s transport material along the shore at a distance of few kilometers that may be useful for shore protection. The first location of the dumping site (to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet) looks very ineffective for potential protection the shore nearby. At the other hand, the second and especially the third locations are favorable for transport of disposed material to the shore, the most favorable conditions are at onshore or alongshore currents.


2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 502-507
Author(s):  
Christian Küchli

Are there any common patterns in the transition processes from traditional and more or less sustainable forest management to exploitative use, which can regularly be observed both in central Europe and in the countries of the South (e.g. India or Indonesia)? Attempts were made with a time-space-model to typify those force fields, in which traditional sustainable forest management is undermined and is then transformed into a modern type of sustainable forest management. Although it is unlikely that the history of the North will become the future of the South, the glimpse into the northern past offers a useful starting point for the understanding of the current situation in the South, which in turn could stimulate the debate on development. For instance, the patterns which stand behind the conflicts on forest use in the Himalayas are very similar to the conflicts in the Alps. In the same way, the impact of socio-economic changes on the environment – key word ‹globalisation› – is often much the same. To recognize comparable patterns can be very valuable because it can act as a stimulant for the search of political, legal and technical solutions adapted to a specific situation. For the global community the realization of the way political-economic alliances work at the head of the ‹globalisationwave›can only signify to carry on trying to find a common language and understanding at the negotiation tables. On the lee side of the destructive breaker it is necessary to conserve and care for what survived. As it was the case in Switzerland these forest islands could once become the germination points for the genesis of a cultural landscape, where close-to-nature managed forests will constitute an essential element.


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