Long-Distance Exchange among the Maya: A Comment on Marcus

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Maya Civilization

With good reason, several scholars have challenged the exaltation of long-distance trade as a prime mover in the rise of civilization. However, in dismissing the economic importance of long-distance exchange in the development of Maya civilization, Marcus (1983) has moved too far in the opposite direction.

scholarly journals Von der Oase zur antiken Handelsmetropole. Überlegungen zur wirtschaftlichen Rolle und Bedeutung der nahöstlichen Oasenstadt Palmyra im Kontext der römischen Ostexpansion

2017 ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Lisa-Marie Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
Trade Center

From an oasis to an ancient trading metropolis. Considerations about the economic role and importance of the middle eastern oasis of Palmyra in the context of the Roman eastward expansion Numerous publications deal with the versatile ancient oasis Palmyra, which has been known long before the destruction campaign of ISIS as ancient caravan city and long-distance trade center of the Middle East. Nevertheless, little work devoted especially on the economic importance of the old Tadmor. Therefore this bachelor thesis tries to examine Palmyras economic development from an simple oasis in the barren steppe region of present-day Syria to a leading commercial metropolis in the context of the Roman expansion between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD. 

scholarly journals La regata Sevilla-Betis: pasado, presente y futuro = Sevilla-Betis regatta: past, present and future

2018 ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Juan Gavala
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Impacto Económico ◽  
Shed Light

Resumen: El propósito de este artículo es arrojar luz sobre el origen, evolución y presente de la Regata Sevilla-Betis, la prueba deportiva más antigua que se sigue desarrollando en Sevilla y la regata de remo de larga distancia más importante de toda España. Para la revisión histórica se ha utilizado un método cualitativo mixto (interactivo y no interactivo). Para conocer el presente de la Regata se ha estimado realizar un análisis del impacto económico, social y deportivo de la prueba. Para el impacto económico se ha realizado un balance de costes/beneficios, mientras que para conocer los impactos social y deportivo se procedió a pasar una encuesta (Porras, et al., 2010) tanto a los asistentes como a personas que viven en Sevilla. Los resultados más destacados son que la Regata en sus inicios sufrió altibajos e incluso llegó a desaparecer durante varios años, sin embargo, volvió a resurgir y se presenta actualmente con casi sesenta años de vida, y cincuenta ediciones completadas, y con una valoración deportiva por parte de la ciudad de un 71%, una valoración social del 63% y una importancia económica del 50% por lo que la valoración de la Regata Sevilla-Betis como evento deportivo es del 57%Abstract: The purpose of this article is to shed light on the origin, evolution and present of the Seville-Betis Regatta, the oldest sporting event that is still being developed in Seville and the most important long-distance rowing regatta in Spain. For the historical review, a mixed qualitative method (interactive and non-interactive) has been used. In order to know the present of the Regatta, an analysis of the economic, social and sporting impact of the race was estimated. For the economic impact, a balance of costs / benefits was made, while to know the social and sporting impacts, a survey was carried out (Porras, et al., 2010) both to the attendees and to people living in Seville. The most outstanding results are that the Regatta in its beginnings suffered ups and downs and even disappeared for several years, however, it resurfaced again and is currently presented with almost sixty years of life, and fifty editions completed, and with a sports valuation by part of the city of 71%, a social valuation of 63% and an economic importance of 50%, so the valuation of the Sevilla-Betis Regatta as a sporting event is 57%.

scholarly journals Distant residues modulate conformational opening in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (43) ◽  
pp. e2100943118
Author(s):  
Dhiman Ray ◽  
Ly Le ◽  
Ioan Andricioaei
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Graph Connectivity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Allosteric Sites ◽  
Time Lagged

Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) involves the attachment of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike proteins to the ACE2 receptors on the peripheral membrane of host cells. Binding is initiated by a down-to-up conformational change in the spike protein, the change that presents the RBD to the receptor. To date, computational and experimental studies that search for therapeutics have concentrated, for good reason, on the RBD. However, the RBD region is highly prone to mutations, and is therefore a hotspot for drug resistance. In contrast, we here focus on the correlations between the RBD and residues distant to it in the spike protein. This allows for a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular recognition events and prediction of the highest-effect key mutations in distant, allosteric sites, with implications for therapeutics. Also, these sites can appear in emerging mutants with possibly higher transmissibility and virulence, and preidentifying them can give clues for designing pan-coronavirus vaccines against future outbreaks. Our model, based on time-lagged independent component analysis (tICA) and protein graph connectivity network, is able to identify multiple residues that exhibit long-distance coupling with the RBD opening. Residues involved in the most ubiquitous D614G mutation and the A570D mutation of the highly contagious UK SARS-CoV-2 variant are predicted ab initio from our model. Conversely, broad-spectrum therapeutics like drugs and monoclonal antibodies can target these key distant-but-conserved regions of the spike protein.

scholarly journals Comparative Voyage-Based Evaluation of Yacht Transfer by Self-Sailing and Cargo Vessel Shipment – A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-766
Author(s):  
Duygu Ülker ◽  
Birsen Koldemir
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Cost

The seasonal domestic yacht traffic direction in Turkey from the Marmara Sea and South coasts of Turkey at the beginning of the Summer and opposite direction at the end of the Summer or beginning of the Autumn. Considering the long-distance and long sailing time between the routes of seasonal yacht moving, this study revealed whether the yacht carrying in domestic shipping can be feasible for yacht owners and ship owners. The technical and managing perspective of port and ship selection criteria are indicated for yacht carrying. Estimations are done for the selected sample ship and yacht model and selected loading/discharging ports. All of the voyage expenses are formulated and written in MatLab. The voyage costs of the sample ship and  yacht model are estimated to evaluate the feasibility of yacht carrying between the Bodrum and Haydarpaşa Port. The cost of a yacht carrying between the ports is  acceptable depends on the number of yachts, speed of yacht and yacht type carried. The long coastline and yacht traffic potential of Turkey  give the opportunity of effectiveness for shipping of yachts in the domestic line.

scholarly journals Distant Residues Modulate Conformational Opening in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhiman Ray ◽  
Ly Le ◽  
Ioan Andricioaei
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Graph Connectivity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Allosteric Binding Sites

Infection by SARS-CoV-2 involves the attachment of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike proteins to the ACE2 receptors on the peripheral membrane of host cells. Binding is initiated by a down to up conformational change in the spike protein, an opening which presents the RBD to the receptor. To date, computational and experimental studies for therapeutics have concentrated, for good reason, on the RBD. However, the RBD region is highly prone to mutations, and therefore will possibly arise drug resistance. In contrast, we here focus on the correlations between the RBD and residues distant to it in the spike protein. We thereby provide a deeper understanding of the role of distant residues in the molecular mechanism of infection. Predictions of key mutations in distant allosteric binding sites are provided, with implications for therapeutics. Identifying these emerging mutants can also go a long way towards pre-designing vaccines for future outbreaks. The model we use, based on time-independent component analysis (tICA) and protein graph connectivity network, is able to identify multiple residues that exhibit long-distance coupling with the RBD opening. Mutation on these residues can lead to new strains of coronavirus with different degrees of transmissibility and virulence. The most ubiquitous D614G mutation and the A570D mutation of the highly contageous UK SARS-CoV-2 variant are predicted ab-initio from our model. Conversely, broad spectrum therapeutics like drugs and monoclonal antibodies can be generated targeting these key distant but conserved regions of the spike protein.

On some Lesions associated with Helminths in Birds of economic importance

1937 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis A. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Avian Diseases

Helminth parasites in small numbers infest a very large percentage of the birds of economic importance but the damage and loss for which they are responsible has never been calculated. In considering these parasites there are two schools of thought—the first considers every helminth as a possible pathological factor and cause of death. While our knowledge of avian diseases is still rather scanty this opinion is easily understood for birds often die showing lesions in the gut and the only obvious agent is the helminths present. Recently, however, opinion has swung in the opposite direction and given rise to a second school, in which there is a tendency to discount the dangers of helminthic infestation and to minimise their importance. In the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology some caution is always adopted at post-mortem examinations before diagnosing the cause of death as being definitely due to helminths for it is felt that there are many disease factors, imperfectly understood as yet, which probably have far reaching effects on their avian hosts. However, in certain cases pathological conditions have been noticed which were undoubtedly due to helminths.

Long-Distance Movement of Goods in the Mesoamerican Formative and Classic

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Drennan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Complex Society ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
Food Staples ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Many models for the development of complex societies in Mesoamerica have assigned a major role to the economic importance of long-distance trade or exchange. Consideration of the distances between major centers of the Formative and Classic indicates that basic foodstuffs could not have been profitably moved between them. The evidence for the Early and Middle Formative indicates that long-distance movement of any material of which we have evidence could not have had much economic importance. By Early Classic times higher population levels make it possible to speak of long-distance movement of goods other than food staples on a scale that could have had a significant impact on a complex society.

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Hügli ◽  
Koella ◽  
Jeanneret
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patients’age. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

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