Clay Figurines from the Lower Pecos Region, Texas

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2Part1) ◽  
pp. 148-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry J. Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
Middle Archaic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lower Pecos

All reported findings of anthropomorphic clay figurines from the lower Pecos region of Texas are synthesized. Considerations are given to figurine chronology, technology, morphology, and function. The finds made with adequate chronological control occur in the Middle Archaic period, from about 2000 B.C. to 200 B.C. A brief description of the Lower Pecos Archaic cultural system is presented in order to place the figurines in a context for functional analysis.The figurines are hand-shaped, usually unfired, and represent both males and females. Painted or incised decorations are restricted to female forms; socio-cultural explanations for this pattern are explored. The specific uses of the figurines remain indefinite.

scholarly journals Speech-Breath: Mapping the Multisensory Experience in Pecos River Style Pictography

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Boyd ◽  
Ashley Busby
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
The World ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Graphic Device ◽  
Pecos River ◽  
Lower Pecos ◽  
Multisensory Experience

Archaic period hunter-gatherers of the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of southwest Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, created complex rock art murals containing elaborately painted anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures. These figures are frequently portrayed with dots or lines emanating out of or into their open mouths. In this article, we discuss patterns in shape, color, and arrangement of this pictographic element and propose that artists used this graphic device to denote speech, breath, and the soul. They communicated meaning through the image-making process, alternating brushstroke direction to indicate inhalation versus exhalation or using different paint application techniques to reflect measured versus forceful speech. The choices made by artists in the production of the imagery reflect their cosmology and the framework of ideas and beliefs through which they interpreted and interacted with the world. Bridging the iconographic data with ethnohistoric and ethnographic texts from Mesoamerica, we suggest that speech and breath expressed in the rock art of the Lower Pecos was tied to concepts of the soul, creation, and human origins.

scholarly journals P110 Sex differences in hand osteoarthritis symptoms and function

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brona Dinneen ◽  
David Heath ◽  
Mohammed Tauseef Ghaffar ◽  
Miriam O'Sullivan ◽  
Carmel Silke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Hand Osteoarthritis ◽  
Fine Motor Skills ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background/Aims  There is currently no consensus regarding sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional abilities among patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA). In this study we determine sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional ability among patients with hand OA, as assessed by a self-report questionnaire and by performance-based tests. Methods  Using the AUSCAN tool for symptom and functional assessment of hand OA with dynamometry we prospectively accessed patients meeting the ACR criteria for hand osteoarthritis. Using this analysis, assessments of pain and function were compared in male and female patients. The outcome measures included self-reported pain measures, functional assessment and dynamometry measures. Results  The study population included 106 patients (90 females and 16 males) with a mean age of males 48.44 (7.48) and females 52.67 (9.43). All patients with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis meeting ACR Criteria. When accessing difference between sexes, men were found to be significantly heavier (p = 0.003) and have greater grip and pinch strength.As part of function and pain assessments there was a significant correlation between difficulty with fine motor skills such as difficulty doing buttons, difficulty when doing jewellery, or peeling vegetables associated with pain when turning objects e.g. doorknobs, taps and faucets for men in comparison to women. Difficulty in these fine motor skills also correlated with stiffness on wakening and pain on lifting heavy objects regardless of sex. A Mann-Whitney U test was run on 106 participants to determine if there were differences in pain or functional scores between males and females. This reviled Median score for males () and females () was statistically significantly different,There were sex differences noted in the correlation associated with pain with rotational movements e.g. turning objects and functional difficulty with fine motor movements including difficulty when doing up buttons ( Males r(14) = -0.109, p = 0.698, Females r(88) =0.489, p = <0.01 value.= ), difficulty when doing jewellery ( Males r(14) =-0.265, p = 0.339.= Females r(88) = 0.570, p = <0.01) , difficulty peeling vegetables ( Males r(14) = -0.207, p = 0.458 Females r(88) = 0.519, <0.01 ) Conclusion  The results demonstrate the presence of sex differences in patients suffering from hand osteoarthritis self-reported functional ability and pain scales. These differences indicate the need for further studies to explore the mechanisms of hand OA and to understanding the specific impact of gender on the development and progression of disease. With further understanding we can obtain the proper strategy to provide better individualised treatment. It also highlights that rehabilitation programs should consider these differences and each patients’ performance limitations in order to address the specific needs of each individual patient. In doing so, improved pain and functional status will improve morbidity in hand OA Disclosure  B. Dinneen: None. D. Heath: None. M. Ghaffar: None. M. O'Sullivan: None. C. Silke: None. B. Whelan: None.

scholarly journals The T-shaped “axe” from Northeast Honduras: Observations on chronology and function of a pre Columbian stone tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Healy ◽  
Daniel Savage
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Central America ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
University Museum ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bay Islands

This paper provides a description and analysis of a distinctive type of pre-Columbian stone tool, usually termed a T-shaped axe, found almost exclusively in Northeast Honduras, Central America. There have been very few detailed or technical studies of lithics from Honduras. Early archaeological research and the current understanding of the regional prehistory are included, with Northeast Honduras viewed as a frontier zone located between the Mesoamerican and Isthmo-Columbian culture areas. Our study examines, in particular, a collection of these tools curated today at the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (CUMAA). The 39 (whole and fragmentary) specimens were collected between 1937 and 1939, from the Bay Islands, Northeast Honduras, but have never been published. This paper classifies the collection specimens into five varieties, based on morphology, with sample statistics, form dimensions, and illustrations provided for each. Manufacturing technology is primarily percussion flaking. The tool type is compared with similar specimens excavated and described from the Bay Islands and adjacent Honduran mainland, and with similar appearing implements from elsewhere in Central America. Insights about the possible age and function of these unusual, and distinctive, lithics are included. Based on preliminary macroscopic and microscopic analyses, it is concluded that the tools may have been employed as agricultural implements (hoes or spades), primarily for digging activities, rather than as axes or weapons used for cutting and slicing. It is most likely that these implements first appeared about 800 CE, and continued in use until at least 1400 CE. The tool type is most probably a local (not imported) product. More functional analysis is encouraged.

scholarly journals Form and Function Predict Acoustic Transmission Properties of the Songs of Male and Female Canyon Wrens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauryn Benedict ◽  
Braelei Hardt ◽  
Lorraine Dargis
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Transmission Properties ◽  
Use Context ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Song Transmission ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
And Function

To function effectively, animal signals must transmit through the environment to receivers, and signal transmission properties depend on signal form. Here we investigated how the transmission of multiple parts of a well-studied signal, bird song, varies between males and females of one species. We hypothesized that male and female songs would have different transmission properties, reflecting known differences in song form and function. We further hypothesized that two parts of male song used differentially in broadcast singing and aggressive contests would transmit differently. Analyses included male and female songs from 20 pairs of canyon wrens (Catherpes mexicanus) played and re-recorded in species-typical habitat. We found that male song cascades used in broadcast singing propagated farther than female songs, with higher signal-to-noise ratios at distance. In contrast, we demonstrated relatively restricted propagation of the two vocalization types typically used in short-distance aggressive signaling, female songs and male “cheet” notes. Of the three tested signals, male “cheet” notes had the shortest modeled propagation distances. Male and female signals blurred similarly, with variable patterns of excess attenuation. Both male song parts showed more consistent transmission across the duration of the signal than did female songs. Song transmission, thus, varied by sex and reflected signal form and use context. Results support the idea that males and females of the same species can show distinctly different signal evolution trajectories. Sexual and social selection pressures can shape sex-specific signal transmission, even when males and females are communicating in shared physical environments.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis in Embodiment Design - An Investigation of Embodiment Function Relations in Testing Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1503-1512
Author(s):  
Patric Grauberger ◽  
Katharina Voß ◽  
Sven Matthiesen
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Student Development ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Embodiment Design ◽  
Development Literature ◽  
And Function ◽  
Data Acquisition And Processing

AbstractTesting contributes to success of engineering design as it plays an important role in gaining insights about the system in development. Literature indicates that for success in engineering design, gaining insights about relations of embodiment and function is crucial. In this contribution, an investigation of how insights about embodiment function relations are gained in testing, is conducted. For this, the testing documentation in a student development project is analysed. The results show a correlation of gaining insights about embodiment function relations to success in engineering design. Potential for improvement in data acquisition and processing is uncovered, which will be used in a succeeding study to investigate this issue in more detail.

scholarly journals Unique Fine Morphology of Mouthparts in Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Adapted to Millipede Feeding

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Junru Zhang ◽  
Wanshan Wang ◽  
Jolanta Brożek ◽  
Wu Dai
Keyword(s):  
Internal Surface ◽  
Food Canal ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fine Morphology ◽  
Insight Into

Millipede assassin bugs are a diverse group of specialized millipede predators. However, the feeding behavior of Ectrichodiinae remains poorly known, especially how the mouthpart structures relate to various functions in feeding. In this study, fine morphology of the mouthparts and feeding performance of Haematoloecha nigrorufa (Stål, 1867) was observed and described in detail for the first time. The triangular labrum is divided by a conspicuous transverse membrane into a strongly sclerotized basilabrum and a less sclerotized distilabrum. Fifteen types of sensilla are distributed on the mouthparts. Each mandibular stylet has an expanded spatulate apex and about 150 approximately transverse ridges on the external middle side; these help in penetrating the ventral trunk area and the intersegmental membranes of millipede prey. The right maxilla is tapered. On the internal surface are a row dorsal short bristles near the apex and a row of ventral bristles preapically. A longitudinal row of long lamellate structures extend proximate for a considerable distance, lie entirely within the food canal, and bear several short spines and short bristles. There is no obvious difference between males and females in the distribution, number, and types of sensilla on mouthparts. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including searching and capturing prey, paralyzing prey, a resting phase, and a feeding phase. The evolution of the mouthpart morphology and the putative functional significance of their sensilla are discussed, providing insight into the structure and function of the mouthparts adapted for millipede feeding.

scholarly journals Blue-Throated Hummingbird Song: A Pinnacle of Nonoscine Vocalizations

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Sigler Ficken ◽  
Kathryn M. Rusch ◽  
Sandra J. Taylor ◽  
Donald R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vocal Complexity

Abstract Little is known about the structure and function of hummingbird vocalizations. We studied the vocalizations of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) at two sites in southeastern Arizona. Songs were produced by males and females. Male songs consisted of arrays of notes organized in clusters of “song units.” Within sites, all males shared the same song units. Individual differences occurred in some temporal aspects of song, and slight but consistent differences in note structure occurred between the two sites. The organization of units within songs was marked by rigid syntax, and long songs were produced by agglutination of units. Male songs may function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction. Female songs were very different acoustically from those of males and typically were given when females were within a few centimeters of a male. In these situations, the female's song often overlapped temporally with the male's song. Of the hummingbird species studied so far, the Blue-throated Hummingbird has the most complex songs and is the only known species with complex female songs. Blue-throated Hummingbirds show convergence with oscines in vocal complexity, song organization, song function, and possible learning of some song elements.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of HIV Type 1 Nef Reveals a Role for PAK2 as a Regulator of Cell Phenotype and Function in the Murine Dendritic Cell Line, DC2.4

2005 ◽  
Vol 175 (10) ◽  
pp. 6560-6569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Mann ◽  
Claire N. Patrick ◽  
Mark S. Cragg ◽  
Jamie Honeychurch ◽  
Derek A. Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Hiv Type 1 ◽  
And Function
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