Early Man's Utilization of the Great Plains Environment

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Wendorf ◽  
James J. Hester
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Tool Manufacture ◽  
Entire Interval ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
The North ◽  
Game Hunting ◽  
Big Game Hunting ◽  
Pollen Analyses

AbstractIn this paper the results of several pollen analyses and related invertebrate studies are utilized in an attempt to reconstruct the nature of the Great Plains environment prior to and during the advent of man. A large sample of Early Man sites is then examined and conclusions are drawn concerning man's use of this environment. Specific problems considered include: the types of sites, where the sites are located, the types of animals hunted, hunting techniques, butchering techniques, and tool manufacture. It is concluded that the environment consisted of a savanna grassland with abundant ponds and streams bordered on the north and west by pine and occasional spruce trees. The stream valleys sheltered galleries of junipers and oaks. On this grassland lived large herds of Pleistocene animals now extinct. Climatic indicators suggest that the summers were cooler than today, with winters warmer than at present. A Paleo-Indian cultural tradition adapted to the utilization of this environment, primarily through big game hunting, was practiced on the Great Plains during the time interval represented by the Llano, Folsom, and Parallel Flaked horizons. During this entire interval, the type of sites, site situations utilized, hunting techniques, butchering techniques, and most of the tool inventory remained constant.

Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New Mexico

1955 ◽  
Vol 20 (4Part1) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Sellards
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Post Office ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The West ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Game Hunting ◽  
Big Game Hunting

Several Early man hunting sites have been discovered and excavated by various institutions in and near the High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico, including the Folsom, San Jon, and Clovis, or Blackwater Draw, localities in New Mexico, and the Miami, Plainview, Lipscomb, and Lubbock localities in Texas. To the west and north are similar sites in Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. This large region, including a part of the great interior plains, was indeed for early man a big game hunting area of the North American continent.A new hunting site in this region, located in the southern part of Roosevelt County near Milnesand, New Mexico, about 40 miles south of Portales, is here described. This locality, containing artifacts, a bison-bone bed and charred bison bones, is in a sand-dune region about 3 miles northeast of Milnesand post office. (The name Milnesand is derived from “mill in the sand,” a term formerly applied to a windmill and watering place located near the present town.) The first artifacts obtained from the locality were collected by Ted Williamson of Milnesand.

Fletcher: A Paleo-Indian Site in Alberta

1968 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Forbis
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Game Hunting ◽  
Big Game Hunting ◽  
Age Estimates

AbstractIn 1963, the Glenbow Foundation excavated a bison bone bed exposed at a water hole in southern Alberta near the Montana border. Age estimates grounded in geology place the bone bed between 7,000 and 11,000 years ago. Projectile points at the Fletcher site include the Alberta and Scottsbluff types. Other artifacts suggest that the site was not only a kill but also a butchering station. The heavy emphasis on bison here, as well as at nearly all related sites in the northern Great Plains, makes it clear that Fletcher properly belongs to the Paleo-Indian big-game hunting continuum rather than to the Archaic stage.

Palaeolithic Big Game Hunting at HP766 in Wadi Umm Rahau, Northern Sudan

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achilles Gautier ◽  
Daniel Makowiecki ◽  
Henryk Paner ◽  
Wim Van Neer
Keyword(s):  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Game Hunting ◽  
Big Game Hunting ◽  
Bone Remains

HP766, discovered by the Gdansk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME) in the region immediately upstream the Merowe Dam in North Sudan and now under water, is one of the few palaeolithic sites with animal bone remains in the country. The archaeological deposits, the large size of the site, the lithics and the radiocarbon dates indicate occupation of a silt terrace of the Nile in late MSA and perhaps LSA times. Large and very large mammals predominate markedly among the recovered bone remains and it would seem that the palaeolithic hunters focused on such game. They could corner these animals on the site which is partially surrounded by high bedrock outcrops. Moreover swampy conditions of the site after the retreat of the annual Nile flood may have rendered less mobile the prey animals. According to this scenario, HP766 would testify to the ecological skills and generational memory of late prehistoric man in Sudan.

scholarly journals Palynological indications for Silurian – earliest Devonian age strata in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J.P. Houben ◽  
Geert-Jan Vis
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The South ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
The North ◽  
Depositional Settings ◽  
Palynological Study ◽  
Devonian Age

Abstract Knowledge of the stratigraphic development of pre-Carboniferous strata in the subsurface of the Netherlands is very limited, leaving the lithostratigraphic nomenclature for this time interval informal. In two wells from the southwestern Netherlands, Silurian strata have repeatedly been reported, suggesting that these are the oldest ever recovered in the Netherlands. The hypothesised presence of Silurian-aged strata has not been tested by biostratigraphic analysis. A similar lack of biostratigraphic control applies to the overlying Devonian succession. We present the results of a palynological study of core material from wells KTG-01 and S05-01. Relatively low-diversity and poorly preserved miospore associations were recorded. These, nonetheless, provide new insights into the regional stratigraphic development of the pre-Carboniferous of the SW Netherlands. The lower two cores from well KTG-01 are of a late Silurian (Ludlow–Pridoli Epoch) to earliest Devonian (Lochkovian) age, confirming that these are the oldest sedimentary strata ever recovered in the Netherlands. The results from the upper cored section from the pre-Carboniferous succession in well KTG-01 and the cored sections from the pre-Carboniferous succession in well S05-01 are more ambiguous. This inferred Devonian succession is, in the current informal lithostratigraphy of the Netherlands, assigned to the Banjaard group and its subordinate Bollen Claystone formation, of presumed Frasnian (i.e. early Late Devonian) age. Age-indicative Middle to Late Devonian palynomorphs were, however, not recorded, and the overall character of the poorly preserved palynological associations in wells KTG-01 and S05-01 may also suggest an Early Devonian age. In terms of lithofacies, however, the cores in well S05-01 can be correlated to the upper Frasnian – lower Famennian Falisolle Formation in the Campine Basin in Belgium. Hence, it remains plausible that an unconformity separates Silurian to Lower Devonian strata from Upper Devonian (Frasnian–Famennian) strata in the SW Netherlands. In general, the abundance of miospore associations points to the presence of a vegetated hinterland and a relatively proximal yet relatively deep marine setting during late Silurian and Early Devonian times. This differs markedly from the open marine depositional settings reported from the Brabant Massif area to the south in present-day Belgium, suggesting a sediment source to the north. The episodic presence of reworked (marine) acritarchs of Ordovician age suggests the influx of sedimentary material from uplifted elements on the present-day Brabant Massif to the south, possibly in relation to the activation of a Brabant Arch system.

scholarly journals Environmental evolution, faunal and human occupation since 2 Ma in the Anagni basin, central Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Florindo ◽  
Fabrizio Marra ◽  
Diego E. Angelucci ◽  
Italo Biddittu ◽  
Luciano Bruni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Environmental Evolution ◽  
Entire Interval ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Sedimentary Succession ◽  
Favorable Conditions

AbstractWe present the study of a composite, yet continuous sedimentary succession covering the time interval spanning 2.6–0.36 Ma in the intramontane basin of Anagni (central Italy) through a dedicated borecore, field surveys, and the review of previous data at the three palaeontological and archaeological sites of Colle Marino, Coste San Giacomo and Fontana Ranuccio. By combining the magneto- and chronostratigraphic data with sedimentologic and biostratigraphic analysis, we describe the palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of this region during this entire interval. In this time frame, starting from 0.8 Ma, the progressive shallowing and temporary emersion of the large lacustrine basins and alluvial plains created favorable conditions for early hominin occupation of the area, as attested by abundant tool industry occurrences and fossils. This study provides new constraints to better interpret the hominin migratory dynamics and the factors that influenced the location and spatial distribution during the early occupation of this region.

scholarly journals Is Hay for the Birds? Investigating Landowner Willingness to Time Hay Harvests for Grassland Bird Conservation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Matthew Gruntorad ◽  
Katherine Graham ◽  
Nico Arcilla ◽  
Christopher Chizinski
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Grassland Bird ◽  
The North ◽  
Hunting Activity

Birds in agricultural environments have exhibited steep global population declines in recent decades, and effective conservation strategies targeting their populations are urgently needed. In grasslands used for hay production, breeding birds’ nest success improves substantially if hay harvests are delayed until after mid-July. However, few studies have investigated private hay producers’ willingness to alter their harvesting practices, which is a critical factor for bird conservation where most land is privately owned, such as in the North American Great Plains. We surveyed Nebraska hay producers to examine whether livestock production, wildlife knowledge, and hunting activity affects their willingness to alter haying practices for bird conservation. The majority (60%) of respondents expressed willingness to delay harvesting hay to allow birds time to nest successfully. Livestock producers and those more knowledgeable about wildlife were more willing to delay hay harvests, whereas active hunters were less willing to do so. Our findings suggest that a majority of private producers show a high potential for engaging in grassland bird conservation activities. Landowners’ willingness to participate in bird conservation programs and actions could be further encouraged through extension and education efforts connecting hay producers with information, support, and funding for bird conservation.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Land–Atmosphere Coupling Behavior in Modern Reanalysis Products over the U.S. Southern Great Plains

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 5813-5829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Santanello ◽  
Joshua Roundy ◽  
Paul A. Dirmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Diurnal Cycles ◽  
The North ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
Coupling Behavior ◽  
Regional Reanalysis ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The coupling of the land with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on diurnal time scales is critical to regulating the strength of the connection between soil moisture and precipitation. To improve understanding of land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions, recent studies have focused on the development of diagnostics to quantify the strength and accuracy of the land–PBL coupling at the process level. In this paper, the authors apply a suite of local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) metrics to modern reanalysis (RA) products and observations during a 17-yr period over the U.S. southern Great Plains. Specifically, a range of diagnostics exploring the links between soil moisture, evaporation, PBL height, temperature, humidity, and precipitation is applied to the summertime monthly mean diurnal cycles of the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Results show that CFSR is the driest and MERRA the wettest of the three RAs in terms of overall surface–PBL coupling. When compared against observations, CFSR has a significant dry bias that impacts all components of the land–PBL system. CFSR and NARR are more similar in terms of PBL dynamics and response to dry and wet extremes, while MERRA is more constrained in terms of evaporation and PBL variability. Each RA has a unique land–PBL coupling that has implications for downstream impacts on the diurnal cycle of PBL evolution, clouds, convection, and precipitation as well as representation of extremes and drought. As a result, caution should be used when treating RAs as truth in terms of their water and energy cycle processes.

Disaster Metrics: Quantitative Estimation of the Number of Ambulances Required in Trauma-Related Multiple Casualty Events

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamil D. Bayram ◽  
Shawki Zuabi ◽  
Mazen J. El Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
T1 And T2

AbstractIntroductionEstimating the number of ambulances needed in trauma-related Multiple Casualty Events (MCEs) is a challenging task.Hypothesis/ProblemEmergency medical services (EMS) regions in the United States have varying “best practices” for the required number of ambulances in MCE, none of which is based on metric criteria. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of ambulances required to respond to the scene of trauma-related MCE in order to initiate treatment and complete the transport of critical (T1) and moderate (T2) patients. The proposed model takes into consideration the different transport times and capacities of receiving hospitals, the time interval from injury occurrence, the number of patients per ambulance, and the pre-designated time frame allowed from injury until the transfer care of T1 and T2 patients.MethodsThe main theoretical framework for this model was based on prehospital time intervals described in the literature and used by EMS systems to evaluate operational and patient care issues. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) triage categories (T1-T4) were used for simplicity.ResultsThe minimum number of ambulances required to respond to the scene of an MCE was modeled as being primarily dependent on the number of critical patients (T1) present at the scene any particular time. A robust quantitative model was also proposed to dynamically estimate the number of ambulances needed at any time during an MCE to treat, transport and transfer the care of T1 and T2 patients.ConclusionA new quantitative model for estimation of the number of ambulances needed during the prehospital response in trauma-related multiple casualty events has been proposed. Prospective studies of this model are needed to examine its validity and applicability.BayramJD, ZuabiS, El SayedMJ. Disaster metrics: quantitative estimation of the number of ambulances required in trauma-related multiple casualty events. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1-7.

scholarly journals Climatic variability and human impact during the last 2000 years in western Mesoamerica: evidence of late Classic (AD 600–900) and Little Ice Age drought events

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodríguez-Ramírez ◽  
M. Caballero ◽  
P. Roy ◽  
B. Ortega ◽  
G. Vázquez-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impact ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Late Classic ◽  
High Pressure Cell ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
The North

Abstract. We present results of analysis of biological (diatoms and ostracodes) and non-biological (Ti, Ca / Ti, total inorganic carbon, magnetic susceptibility) variables from an 8.8 m long, high-resolution (~ 20 yr sample−1) laminated sediment sequence from Lake Santa María del Oro (SMO), western Mexico. This lake lies at a sensitive location between the dry climates of northern Mexico, under the influence of the North Pacific subtropical high-pressure cell and the moister climates of central Mexico, under the influence of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone and the North American monsoon (NAM). The sequence covers the last 2000 years and provides evidence of two periods of human impact in the catchment, shown by increases in the diatom Achnanthidium minutissimum. The first from AD 100 to 400 (Early Classic) is related to the shaft and chamber tombs cultural tradition in western Mexico, and the second is related to Post-Classic occupation from AD 1100 to 1300. Both periods correspond to relatively wet conditions. Three dry intervals are identified from increased carbonate and the presence of ostracodes and aerophilous Eolimna minima. The first, from AD 500 to 1000 (most intense during the late Classic, from AD 600 to 800), correlates with the end of the shaft and chamber tradition in western Mexico after ca. AD 600. This late Classic dry period is the most important climatic signal in the Mesoamerican region during the last 2000 years, and has been recorded at several sites from Yucatan to the Pacific coast. In the Yucatan area, this dry interval has been related with the demise of the Maya culture at the end of the Classic (AD 850 to 950). The last two dry events (AD 1400 to 1550 and 1690 to 1770) correspond with the onset of, and the late, Little Ice Age, and follow largely the Spörer and Maunder minima in solar radiation. The first of these intervals (AD 1400 to 1550) shows the most intense signal over western Mexico; however this pattern is different at other sites. Dry/wet intervals in the SMO record are related with lower/higher intensity of the NAM over this region, respectively.

scholarly journals Cotton zoning based on sowing periods of lower risk in Parana state, Brazil

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Silveira Wrege ◽  
Paulo Henrique Caramori ◽  
Sergio Luiz Gonçalves ◽  
Wilson Paes de Almeida ◽  
Celso Jamil Marur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Cotton Boll ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Climatic Risk ◽  
The North ◽  
Risk Variable

Cotton is cultivated in the North and West of Parana State, southern Brazil, under conditions of climatic risk variable in space and time. Risks of temperature below 15ºC at the establishment period, daily average temperature below 20ºC at the stage of cotton boll opening, and soil water deficit for both plant establishment and flowering periods, were estimated to identify homogeneous zones with sowing periods of lower climatic risk. The time interval with adequate temperature, associated with minimum risks of the other factors and yield data from field experiments allowed the identification of seven distinct zones, with best sowing periods ranging from September 20 to November 20. Official credit to the farmers is conditioned by the Central Bank of Brazil upon following these recommendation of best sowing periods for each municipality.

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