The Archaeological Record of Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp.) and the Sequence of Plant Domestication in Peru

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Pickersgill
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Chili Peppers

AbstractStudy of archaeological material of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) from the sites of Huaca Prieta and Punta Grande on the coast of Peru has shown that the first species to be cultivated was C. baccatum, which was probably domesticated in Bolivia. This pepper reached the Peruvian coast during the same period as four other crop plants of probably southern Peruvian or Bolivian origin, which suggests that southern contacts were important during the late Preceramic stage. During the Initial period, maize (probably of Mexican origin) and peanuts (possibly domesticated in Bolivia) spread along the coast. Another pepper, Capsicum chinense, which is thought to have been domesticated in the lowlands of the Amazon Basin, apparently also reached the coast at about the same time as pottery. Manioc likewise arrived on the coast during this period, and there may have been an introduction of new varieties of maize from Mexico. These crops suggest a mixture of tropical forest and Middle American contacts during the Initial period and the Early horizon.

A Reexamination of the Cotton Remains from Huaca Prieta, North Coastal Peru

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Primitive Forms ◽  
Human Selection

An analysis of cotton remains from Huaca Prieta on the north Peruvian coast, dating from circa 2500 B.C. to circa 750 B.C., indicates that they were probably primitive forms of G. barbadense L. and similar in most features to those previously examined from sites in the Ancon area of the central coast (Stephens and Moseley 1974). As in the Ancon materials, there is a tendency for seed size, boll size and fiber width to increase from the earlier to later levels. Most of the Ancon materials belonged to the Preceramic Period, while at Huaca Prieta both Preceramic and Initial Periods are represented. Only fuzzy seeds were found among the Ancon materials and among the Preceramic materials recovered from Huaca Prieta. Tufted seeds first appear during the Initial Period at Huaca Prieta; it is the prevailing type among present-day cultivars, and may have been favored under human selection because their fibers are much more readily removed from the seeds by hand. It is believed that fuzzy seeds represent the more primitive condition; it is the prevailing type among present-day wild forms of G. barbadense. It remains a question whether the tufted seeds at Huaca Prieta originated as mutants in the locally cultivated fuzzy seeded types, or whether they were new forms, introduced along with pottery and other crop plants from elsewhere. None of the cotton materials so far examined from Peruvian coastal sites show affinities with cottons still extant in the Amazon Basin, and no wild, or apparently wild, forms of G. barbadense have yet been found east of the Andes.

scholarly journals Polinização e fixação de frutos em Capsicum chinense Jacq.

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucifrancy Vilagelim Costa ◽  
Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes ◽  
Ricardo Lopes ◽  
Silfran Rogério Marialva Alves
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Capsicum Spp

A Amazônia é um importante centro de diversidade de Capsicum spp., em especial de C. chinense. Informações relativas à biologia reprodutiva são importantes para o melhoramento e conservação da espécie. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o sistema de reprodução de C. chinense. Foram avaliados cinco genótipos e quatro tratamentos: polinização natural, proteção dos botões florais, autopolinização manual e polinização cruzada manual. Os genótipos avaliados demonstraram auto-compatibilidade e reprodução como plantas autógamas.

scholarly journals Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Coat Protein Alone Can Elicit the Capsicum spp. L3 Gene-Mediated Resistance

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1253-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gilardi ◽  
I. García-Luque ◽  
M. T. Serra
Keyword(s):  
Coat Protein ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Virus Coat

The pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-S) (an L3 hypersensitive response [HR]-inducer strain) coat protein was expressed in Capsicum chinense (L3L3) plants with the heterologous potato virus X (PVX)-based expression system. The chimeric virus was localized in the inoculated leaves and induced the HR, thus indicating that the tobamoviral sequences that affect induction of the HR conferred by the L3 resistance gene reside in the coat protein gene. Furthermore, transient expression of the PMMoV-S coat protein in C. chinense leaves by biolistic co-bombardment with a plasmid expressing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene leads to the induction of cell death and expression of host defense genes. Thus, the coat protein of PMMoV-S is the elicitor of the Capsicum spp. L3 resistance gene-mediated HR.

Ancient pre-Columbian Peru, Bolivia and Mesoamerica

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
The Many

Irrigation agriculture is a transformational technology used to secure high food yields from undeveloped lands. Specific to ancient South America, the Chimú Empire occupied the north coast of Peru from the Chillon to the Lambeyeque Valleys (Figure 1.1.1) from800 to 1450 CE (Late Intermediate Period (LIP)) and carried canal reclamation far beyond modern limits by applying hydraulics concepts unknown to Western science until the beginning of the 20th century. The narrative that follows examines hydraulic engineering and water management developments and strategies during the many centuries of agricultural development in the Chimú heartland of the Moche River Basin. The story examines how Chimú engineers and planners managed to greatly expand the agricultural output of valleys under their control by employing advanced canal irrigation technologies and the economic and political circumstances under which large-scale reclamation projects took place. The following time period conventions are used in the discussion that follow: Preceramic and Formative Period (3000–1800 BCE) Initial Period (IP) 1800–900 BCE Early Horizon (EH) 900–200 BCE Early Intermediate Period (EIP) 200 BCE–600 CE Middle Horizon (MH) 600–1000 CE Late Intermediate Period (LIP) 1000–1476 CE Late Horizon (LH) 1476–1534 CE. Chimú political power and state development was concentrated in Peruvian north coast valleys. Each valley contained an intermittent river supplied by seasonal rainfall runoff/glacial melt water from the adjacent eastern highlands. Over millennia, silts carried by the rivers from highland sources formed gently sloping alluvial valleys with fertile desert soils suitable for agriculture. An arid environment tied the Chimú economy to intravalley irrigation networks supplied from these rivers; these systems were supplemented by massive intervalley canals of great length that transported water between river valleys, thus opening vast stretches of intervalley lands to farming. The Chimú accomplishments and achievements in desert environment agricultural technologies brought canal-based water management and irrigation technology to its zenith among ancient South American civilizations, with practically all coastal cultivatable intervalley and intravalley lands reachable by canals brought under cultivation.

scholarly journals Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Determination of Capsaicin and Some of Its Analogues from Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp.)

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philemon Manirakiza ◽  
Adrian Covaci ◽  
Paul Schepens
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chili Peppers

Abstract A rapid and accurate method has been developed for the quantitative determination of capsaicin and its most important analogues, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in chili peppers. These components were extracted with methylene chlo ride and separated from interfering substances with activated charcoal. Further cleanup on Florisil cartridges and elution with ethyl acetate were performed before gas chromatographic with mass spectrometric quantitation. The concentrations found were 440 ± 64 μg/g capsaicin, 81 ± 10 μg/g dihydrocapsaicin, and 11 ± 2 μg/g nordihydrocapsaicin. The mean recovery values for triplicate analysis were between 85-94%.

scholarly journals Genetic Tolerance in Capsicum Chinense to Low pH Constraints on Root Growth

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Minguo Li ◽  
Stephen Harper
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Genetic Tolerance ◽  
The Tropics

Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are valuable cash crops in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics where acidic soils represent a substantial amount of arable land. [...]

scholarly journals Generation of BSA-capsaicin Nanoparticles and Their Hormesis Effect on the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Yeast

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Sánchez-Arreguin ◽  
Ramón Carriles ◽  
Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo ◽  
Mercedes G. López ◽  
Lino Sánchez-Segura
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Dose Concentration ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Uptake Process ◽  
Hormesis Effect ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Chili Peppers

Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in pungent chili peppers (Capsicum spp.). In biotechnology, capsaicin has been proposed as a pathogen control; however, its low solubility in water and high instability limits its uses. The aim of this work was to study the effect of high concentrations of capsaicin on the synthesis of nanoparticles and to evaluate their inhibitory effect on the growth of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa yeast. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-capsaicin nanoparticles were formulated at 0, 16.2, 32.5, 48.7 and 65.0 µg of capsaicin per mg of BSA. Nanoparticle properties were evaluated and they were added to cultures of R. mucilaginosa to quantify their effect on cell viability. We found that increased capsaicin levels caused several changes to the physicochemical parameters, probably due to changes in the hydrophobicity sites of the albumin during the nanostructuration. The administration of nanoparticles to cultures of R. mucilaginosa produced a maximal viability with nanoparticles at 16.2 µg/mg; on the contrary, nanoparticles at 65.0 µg/mg caused maximal cell death. R. mucilaginosa cells displayed a hormesis effect in response to the nanoparticle dose concentration. The nanoparticles showed different responses during the uptake process, probably as a consequence of the nanostructural properties of capsaicin in the BSA molecules.

INTERREGIONAL OBSIDIAN EXCHANGE DURING THE LATE INITIAL PERIOD AND EARLY HORIZON: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM CAMPANAYUQ RUMI, PERU

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Matsumoto ◽  
Jason Nesbitt ◽  
Michael D. Glascock ◽  
Yuri I. Cavero Palomino ◽  
Richard L. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
The South ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
South Central ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Obsidian Source

Campanayuq Rumi is a large civic-ceremonial center located in the south-central highlands of Peru. Founded in the late Initial Period (1100–800 BC), Campanayuq Rumi became an important center within the Chavín Interaction Sphere in the Early Horizon (ca. 800–400 BC). In particular, Campanayuq Rumi is significant because of its geographical proximity to Quispisisa, the most important and widely circulated obsidian source during the Early Horizon. Portable X-ray florescence (pXRF) was used to geochemically source a sample of 370 obsidian artifacts from Campanayuq Rumi. Though obsidian from Quispisisa dominates the assemblage throughout the site's history, diachronic analysis indicates that the diversity of obsidian sources increases markedly in the Campanayuq II Phase (700–450 BC). The pXRF data lead us to conclude that Campanayuq Rumi was the locus of obsidian distribution to other locations in highland and coastal Peru within the Chavín Interaction Sphere, and functioned as a regional center of worship and interaction.

scholarly journals Analysis of agronomic and chemical-nutritional variability of fruits in Amazon germplasm of Capsicum chinense

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 2198-2214
Author(s):  
Santina R. SANTANA ◽  
Derly J. H. Da SILVA ◽  
Leonardo L. BHERING ◽  
Ronaldo S. GOMES ◽  
Renato D. S. ROSADO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Selection Of

Fruits of Capsicum chinense, a native species of Amazon Basin, express high levels of bioactive components such as vitamin C and carotenoids; some of them with pronounced pro-vitamin A activity such as β-carotene, which confers high economic potential to this species. The characterization of C. chinense germplasm helps in its management and conservation. Therefore, this practice is considered crucial for the identification of genotypes with superior characteristics, especially in relation to agronomic aspects and chemical-nutritional characteristics of fruits. This study aimed to characterize 55 C. chinense accessions collected from the Brazilian Amazon in terms of their agronomic and chemical-nutritional descriptors aiming to identify superior genotypes for these traits. The characterization was performed in a completely randomized design with 5 replications in non-heated environment. There was significant difference for all descriptors, confirming the variability among accessions. High heritability estimates for descriptors, such as fruit yield (95.1%) and vitamin C content of fruit (92.4%), was found to be associated with high CVg/CVe ratios of these traits, indicating a favorable condition for the selection of superior genotypes for these characteristics. A considerable part of the accessions expressed averages higher than the checks, notably for the fruit yield and the content of vitamin C. The cluster analysis resulted in the formation of 11 groups, corroborating the high variability of accessions for the agronomic and chemical-nutritional aspects of fruits. The evaluated C. chinense germplasm thus expressed high fruit yield and vitamin C content in the fruits, which makes it a promising source for the selection of superior genotypes.

scholarly journals Ocurrence of pepper yellow mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus on Capsicum chinense in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Leonor Cristina Silva SOUZA ◽  
Rogerio Eiji HANADA ◽  
Luiz Alberto Guimarães ASSIS ◽  
Viviana M. CAMELO-GARCÍA ◽  
Jorge Alberto Marques REZENDE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
The State ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
First Occurrence

ABSTRACT The habanero chilli pepper, Capsicum chinense is an important crop in the Amazon Basin, mainly grown by small-scale producers. Capsicum chinense plants in an experimental field in the northern Brazilian state of Amazonas were found exhibiting characteristic symptoms of viral infection. Leaf sap from symptomatic plants examined under a transmission electron microscope revealed the presence of elongated flexuous particles and isometric particles. Using molecular assays, the viruses were identified as pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Aphids, identified as Aphis gossypii, were found colonizing the C. chinense plants in the field and may be the vector for both PepYMV and CMV. We report the first occurrence of these viruses infecting C. chinense in the state of Amazonas.

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