An Unusual Pueblo III Ruin, Mesa Verde, Colorado

1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Luebben ◽  
Laurence Herold ◽  
Arthur Rohn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Floor Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Mesa Verde ◽  
Construction Techniques

AbstractSite 52, a possible platform mound, is unusually situated near the bottom of a draw rather than along the ridge of Chapin Mesa. Complete excavation of the small surface structure yielded two distinct levels of construction and several architectural phenomena which previously had not been reported from San Juan Anasazi sites. A rectangle of multiple-coursed masonry was built on a sloped, irregular ground surface. An interior crosswall with a floor level opening, a raised circular floor feature, two peripheral stepped abutments on opposite sides, and a complex of masonry walls and external alignments on the third side were added to the basic rectangle. The second construction level utilized what appeared to be intentional interior and exterior fill as a base, and two alignments further subdivided the rectangle. Two rubble-filled abutments were appended externally to the fourth wall of the rectangle. Artifacts were rarely found. Solid, continuously built coursed masonry, construction techniques, and pottery types suggest that Site 52 was built during Pueblo III and may have been a platform mound of ceremonial significance.

scholarly journals POLITICS, PATRONAGE AND THE TRANSMISSION OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ROME, c. 650–750

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 177-205
Author(s):  
Hendrik Dey
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Growing Pains ◽  
Rapid Transition ◽  
Fundamental Shift

Well into the seventh century, masons in Rome built bonded-masonry walls using materials and techniques directly descended from antiquity. But walls erected starting in the eighth century are very different and distinctively ‘medieval’. The late seventh / early eighth century therefore represents a moment of rapid transition or even rupture in the Roman building industry, when older ways of doing things ceased forever. Drawing on recently excavated structures on the Palatine and at San Paolo fuori le Mura that offer new insights into this crucial transitional period, I suggest that the break with centuries-old building traditions reflects a fundamental shift in mechanisms of patronage, and of control over the city's built environment. After a hiatus in the second half of the seventh century, when the Roman construction industry languished between a Byzantine administration in decline and a Church bureaucracy not yet empowered to supplant it, early eighth-century popes faced the challenge of creating anew the means and methods to build on a substantial scale. The newly excavated structures of the early eighth century offer an unexpected perspective on the growth of, and the growing pains experienced by, Rome's nascent papal government.

Reducing Seismic out of Plane Vulnerability of Masonry Church Façades through Optimization of Capacity Spectrum by Tie Rods

2019 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Simonetta Baraccani ◽  
Giorgio Dan ◽  
Angelo Di Tommaso ◽  
Tomaso Trombetti
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Capacity Spectrum ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Recent Earthquakes ◽  
Discrete Element Methods ◽  
Tie Rods ◽  
The Church

The analyses of the structural damages detected on the Italian churches after the recent earthquakes (Emilia 2012, Umbria-Marche 2016) highlighted the high vulnerability to the overturning of the façades. The façades collapse mechanisms are strongly dependent on the connection details between orthogonal masonry walls, the windows, the construction techniques and the possible restraining horizontal elements, such as tie-beams, bi-lateral connected roof, etc. Several studies focus on the evaluation of vulnerability of the church façades using different approaches, from global analyses (FEM and /or Discrete Element Methods) of the entire building, to local analyses (linear and non-linear kinematic approaches). The aims of the present paper is to use the method based on capacity spectra to evaluate the vulnerability of the church facades and the optimization of specific devices as tie-rods to improve their seismic behavior. The non-linear approach is now accepted by several standards regarding the evaluation of risks of collapse mechanisms for masonry walls of the facades. Appropriate devices have been considered in order to calibrate the capacity curve and to optimize the interventions. The out of plane rotation of blocks can be modified with various elasto-perfect-plastic tendons with appropriate retentions (while composite materials could be used to preserve integrity of blocks). The tendons can be allocated in proper location and the length of each calibrated to best determine their stiffness. This procedure have been here applied to the study of the façade of Aula Magna S. Lucia of the Bologna University, considering also the problem of the interaction with the structure of the roof.

A Basketmaker III Site in Canyon Largo, New Mexico

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Hibben ◽  
Herbert W. Dick
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
San Juan ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field School ◽  
Mesa Verde ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Basketmaker Iii ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
The University

One of the activities of the University of New Mexico's 1939 field school at Chaco Canyon was a reconnaissance excavation in the vicinity of Largo Canyon, to the northeast of the Chaco, proper. This was a continuation of the survey and excavations of the past four seasons, as a part of the project for outlining chronologically and geographically the culture known as Gallina. The extent of the Gallina manifestation to the east and south has already been fairly accurately delineated, but its western and northwestern boundaries are unknown. Since the San Juan and Mesa Verde centers lie to the northwest, it was deemed imperative that the cultural connections in that direction be determined. Typical Gallina unit houses are common on the headwaters of the Largo and in the Llegua Canyon area which heads in the same region. The extremely rugged area lying between this district and the San Juan and Mesa Verde region, however, is not only difficult of access, but is practically unknown archaeologically.

T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL: RESTORATION PROJECTS OVERVIEW

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
John Iliff
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
San Juan ◽  
The Third ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Major Injury ◽  
Leatherback Sea Turtle ◽  
Visitor Use

ABSTRACT The January 7, 1994, barge Morris J. Berman grounding and oil spill off Punta Escambrín, near San Juan, Puerto Rico, resulted in injury to natural resources along the shoreline and impaired their use for an extended time. Three major injury categories were pursued by the Trustees and the restoration projects for these injuries are presented in this paper. Including interest, approximately $10M in settlement funds are being used to fund 6 restoration projects. About $6 million of the settlement funds is being used for three projects to restore eolianite reef habitat, a type of fossilized sand dune, and other reef resources injured by the barge grounding and subsequent spill. One project, called the Condado Coral Trail project, will install artificial reef modules in the Condado Lagoon, approximately 1 mile southeast of the barge grounding site. Also in the Condado Lagoon, a 32-acre dredge hole will be brought back to historic elevations through beneficial use of dredged marine sediments. The third reef project entails acquisition of shoreline and coastal property which is intended to provide reef resource services comparable to those lost as a result of the oil spill and grounding. This parcel provides habitat for over 40 rare species of plants and animals including a major nesting beach for the endangered Leatherback Sea Turtle. The acquisition project also serves as the sole compensatory restoration project for lost recreational beach use. The parcel is being designated as a Puerto Rico Natural Reserve thereby allowing the public to use the land, including its unspoiled beaches, for recreational purposes. Finally, three restoration projects are being implemented to compensate for the lost historic visitor use services at the San Juan National Historic Site. More than 123,000 visitors to the El Morro and San Cristobal forts were affected by the spill for approximately six weeks. The first of the three projects includes Improving and Extending the Coastal Promenade, a walkway at the base of El Morro. The second is restoration of El Morro Water Battery and the third is cleaning and stabilizing certain exterior walls of the El Morro Fort.

Performance evaluation of vibration-sensitive equipment foundations under ground-transmitted excitation

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hesham El Naggar
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Time History ◽  
Ground Vibration ◽  
Frequency Domain Analysis ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Dynamic Investigation

The planning of foundations for equipment that is sensitive to vibrations requires a thorough dynamic investigation of the proposed location of the foundation with regard to the effect of already existing or additional vibration sources. This paper discusses the analyses performed for a number of foundations supporting vibration-sensitive equipment that has been subjected to ground-transmitted excitations. These analyses considered the dynamic response of the foundations resulting from the normal operation of the supported equipment or the ground-transmitted excitations. In one case, the foundation of the Canadian Light Source, a third generation synchrotron that will be capable of generating electromagnetic radiation used in the study of the atomic and subatomic structure of materials, is examined. Another case involves the vibration analysis of a magnetic resonance imaging unit affected by traffic excitation. In the third case, a power plant facility that is subjected to blast-induced vibration from an adjacent quarry is investigated. The last case involves the response analysis of a compressor foundation affected by the ground-transmitted vibration from another compressor situated on a different foundation within the same facility. To assess the level of seismic excitation at the site due to traffic on an adjacent roadway in the first two cases and to blasting activity in the third case, extensive "green field" ground vibration-monitoring programs were carried out. The ground accelerations due to traffic and blasting were measured and recorded for three directions simultaneously: a vertical and two orthogonal horizontal directions. The measurements with the most intense ground accelerations taken at the ground surface in the location of the future equipment foundation were selected as the final design acceleration time-history. A Fourier analysis approach was used to predict the response of the foundation to the ground-induced vibrations in the first three cases, and a frequency domain analysis was used in the last case.Key words: machine foundations, vibration, blasting, kinematic, soil-structure interaction.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal pattern of wild boar rooting in a Central European dry oak forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418
Author(s):  
D. Sütő ◽  
J. Farkas ◽  
S. Siffer ◽  
G. Schally ◽  
K. Katona
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wild Boar Rooting

AbstractWild boar (Sus scrofa) density has significantly increased worldwide. In Europe, oak acorns are basic diet items for the species. However, regeneration of temperate oak forests has become excessively low. Thus, better understanding of the patterns and dynamics of wild boar rooting and the spatiotemporal relationship between the acorn density and the rooting has special importance. In our study, the acorn density, the presence and intensity of the rooting were measured monthly in a 28-ha oak forest stand between 2016 October and 2019 April. Study site was divided to 400 m2 grid cells to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of the rooting. Comparing the acorn densities, we stated that in the first 2 years, but not in the third one, the oaks were masting. During the acorn-rich periods (October–April), significant inter-annual differences were found in the proportions of the disturbed area between the non-mast and the other two mast years. Throughout our observations, 9.12% of the cells stayed undisturbed. On average, in 12.59% of the cells new rooted patches appeared, and 15.6% of them was repeatedly disturbed. Rooting were mainly litter disturbances in 71.75% of cases. Throughout acorn fall periods (September–November), the most intensively rooted sites were the poorest in acorns, while the unrooted sites were the richest. Our results demonstrate that wild boars have a great effect on acorn density and on the whole forest by rooting almost the entire ground surface at least once, but also the masting of the oaks has a crucial role in their rooting dynamics.

Out-of-plane flexural testing and stiffness response of concrete masonry walls with NSM steel reinforcement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Sparling ◽  
Dan Palermo ◽  
Fariborz Hashemian
Keyword(s):  
Steel Reinforcement ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Flexural Testing ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Plane Flexure

Near-surface mounted (NSM) reinforcement is used to retrofit masonry structures for increased strength and resiliency; however, its application to new masonry construction remains largely unexplored. Four masonry walls measuring 3.2m tall were constructed from hollow concrete blocks to assess the potential of NSM reinforcement to increase flexural stiffness. Two of the walls were reinforced conventionally, and two were reinforced with NSM bars. Each wall had a total area of steel reinforcement of 600mm2 and was loaded under conditions of third-point out-of-plane flexure. All four walls had similar flexural strength, ranging from 24kNm to 26kNm; however, the stiffness (determined using direct measurement of curvature, curvature calculated using conditions of equilibrium and compatibility, and the load displacement response) of the NSM reinforced walls was twice that of the walls with conventional reinforcement. The flexural stiffness of the masonry walls was underestimated by current Canadian design standards provisions under low out-of-plane loads.

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