A Method of Calculating the Dietary Percentage of Various Food Animals Utilized by Aboriginal Peoples

1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E. White
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
The People ◽  
Plains Archaeology ◽  
Food Animals

The renewed activity in Plains Archaeology as a result of the salvage program of the River Basin Surveys of the Smithsonian Institution and cooperating agencies has reemphasized some very striking differences in the types of animals used for food by prehistoric peoples. Some groups, such as the Woodland and Upper Republican, set an extremely varied “table” while others appear to have subsisted almost entirely on one species of food animal. With those groups which subsisted on a variety of game, the question naturally poses itself: “What percentage does each species contribute to the diet of the people?” Although complete data on the “dressedout” weights of the various food animals found in archaeological sites is not available, calculations based on the data and procedure outlined here should provide a means of arriving at a reasonably reliable answer to the above question.

Observations on the Butchering Technics of Some Aboriginal Peoples Numbers 7, 8, and 9

1955 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E. White
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
American Antiquity ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Large Animals

The Following 3 papers continue a series of brief articles on this subject appearing from time to time in American Antiquity (Vols. 17, 19). Each paper presents a group of raw data with some brief suggestions for their interpretation. All but one are the result of the study of materials recovered from archaeological sites excavated by the River Basin Surveys program of archaeological salvage in the Missouri Basin. That one (No. 6) dealt with an elk specimen from Michigan. Paper Number 1 was concerned with the analysis of the antelope bone from 2 sites in the Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota. Number 2 dealt with the bison bone from 2 earth-lodge villages sites in the Oahe Reservoir near Pierre, South Dakota. Number 3 compared the use of small and large animals as food in one site in the Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. Number 4 was a comparison of the treatment of bison bone from 3 earth-lodge villages, 2 in Oahe Reservoir and one in Garrison Reservoir.

Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples No. 2

1953 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E. White
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In a brief report, which was read before the 8th Conference for Plains Archeology by George Metcalf, 1 attempted to reconstruct the procedure by which the carcass of an antelope was prepared for food. The inferences thus drawn were based upon the ratio of the various elements to each other and to the greatest number of individuals represented, as well as the location of the breaks or cuts in the bones. Since the antelope is one of the smaller food animals and could be moved to a convenient butchering place, the question immediately posed itself: “How would size affect the butchering technique since a bison must necessatily be butchered where it is killed?“The bison bone which provides the basis for this study was collected during the excavation of two archaeological sites near Pierre, South Dakota. The Dodd site was a multi-component village, but there was evidence of only a single cultural complex at the Phillips Ranch site (Lehmer, 1952).

Observations on the Butchering Technique of some Aboriginal Peoples Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6

1954 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore E. White
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Reservoir Area ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Food Animals

This study is based on the bison, deer, and antelope bone from a fortified earth lodge village (32ME15) in the Garrison Reservoir Area. The site was excavated by River Basin Survey parties in 1950 and 1951, under the supervision of G. Ellis Burcaw and Donald D. Hartle respectively. The animal bone from this site is of particular interest because it permits a comparison to be made between the methods used on the smaller food animals and those used on the bison. In a previous study an attempt was made to compare the methods used on antelope and on bison, but the methods were those of very different peoples who were widely separated both geographically and temporally and the differences could as easily have been due to culture as well as the size of the game. Since this material is from a single component site, any difference in technique can safely be attributed to the size of the game.

Socioeconomic Challenges faced by Basin’s People in India

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304
Author(s):  
Biplab Tripathy ◽  
Tanmoy Mondal
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
High Tide ◽  
North East ◽  
The People ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Major River ◽  
River Ganga ◽  
Basin Region ◽  
Basin Area

India is a subcontinent, there huge no of people lived in river basin area. In India there more or less 80% of people directly or indirectly depend on River. Ganga, Brahamputra in North and North East and Mahanadi, Govabori, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmoda, Tapti, Mahi in South are the major river basin in India. There each year due to flood and high tide lots of people are suffered in river basin region in India. These problems destroy the socio economic peace and hope of the people in river basin. There peoples are continuously suffered by lots of difficulties in sort or in long term basis. Few basin regions are always in high alert at the time of monsoon seasons. Sometime due to over migration from basin area, it becomes empty and creates an ultimate loss of resources in India and causes a dis-balance situation in this area.

Ethnohistorical Archaeology and the Mythscape of the Naga in the Chiang Saen Basin, Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Piyawit Moonkham
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Local People ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Divine Retribution ◽  
The Town

Abstract There is a northern Thai story that tells how the naga—a mythical serpent—came and destroyed the town known as Yonok (c. thirteenth century) after its ruler became immoral. Despite this divine retribution, the people of the town chose to rebuild it. Many archaeological sites indicate resettlement during this early historical period. Although many temple sites were constructed in accordance with the Buddhist cosmology, the building patterns vary from location to location and illustrate what this paper calls ‘nonconventional patterns,’ distinct from Theravada Buddhist concepts. These nonconventional patterns of temples seem to have been widely practiced in many early historical settlements, e.g., Yonok (what is now Wiang Nong Lom). Many local written documents and practices today reflect the influence of the naga myth on building construction. This paper will demonstrate that local communities in the Chiang Saen basin not only believe in the naga myth but have also applied the myth as a tool to interact with the surrounding landscapes. The myth is seen as a crucial, communicated element used by the local people to modify and construct physical landscapes, meaning Theravada Buddhist cosmology alone cannot explain the nonconventional patterns. As such, comprehending the role of the naga myth enables us to understand how local people, past and present, have perceived the myth as a source of knowledge to convey their communal spaces within larger cosmological concepts in order to maintain local customs and legitimise their social space.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Freshwater Fish and Pork in Wet Markets of Hong Kong

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte ◽  
Carmen Li ◽  
Chendi Zhu ◽  
Priyanga Dharmaratne ◽  
Kam Tak Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Health Care Settings ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Food Animals

ABSTRACT This study identified and characterized extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) from farmed freshwater fish and pig offal procured from the wet markets across Hong Kong. During March 2018 to January 2019, 730 food animal samples, namely, 213 snakehead fish, 198 black carp, and 339 pig organs, were examined. ESBL-E and CPE were isolated from the homogenized samples plated on selective media and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). All ESBL-E and CPE strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. ESBL-E and CPE gene groups were detected by multiplex PCR and blaCTX-M-1/-2/-9 group strains were Sanger sequenced for CTX-M types. All CPE isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Isolation of ESBL-E from pig small (52.4%) and large (50%) intestines and tongues (25.1%) was significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent than from snakehead (0.94%) and black carp (0.5%) fish. ESBL-E isolates (n = 171) revealed resistance rates of 16.3%, 29.8%, 35.6%, 53.2%, 55.0%, and 100% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, respectively, whereas CPE (n = 28) were resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin. The predominant ESBL gene groups in fishes and pig offals were blaCTX, where blaCTX-M-55 was the major subtype in the blaCTX-M-1 group (64.4% of isolates in the group). blaCTX-M-14/-17 was the major genotype in the blaCTX-M-9 group (32.2%). All CPE strains possessed blaNDM genes. High rates of ESBL-E and CPE were identified in food animals from wet markets of Hong Kong, which may serve as a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes and increase the challenges in tackling antimicrobial resistance beyond health care settings. IMPORTANCE Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are of global health importance, yet there is a paucity of surveillance studies on food animals in Hong Kong. Here, we report a high prevalence of ESBL-E (ranging from 0.5% to 52.4%) and CPE (0% to 9.9%) from various food animal samples procured from wet markets across Hong Kong. All CPE strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and possessed NDM-1 and -5 genes and other resistance determinants. Given the increased resistance profile of these strains, this study highlights the emerging threat of ESBL-E and CPE disseminated in farmed animals. Furthermore, our data enriched our understanding of antibiotic resistance reservoirs from a One Health perspective that can widely spread across various niches, beyond health care settings.

Integrated water resources management in the Ruhr River Basin, Germany

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bode ◽  
P. Evers ◽  
D.R. Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The People

The Ruhr, with an average flow of 80.5 m3/s at its mouth, is a comparatively small tributary to the Rhine River that has to perform an important task: to secure the water supply of more than 5 million people and of the industry in the densely populated region north of the river. The complex water management system and network applied by the Ruhrverband in the natural Ruhr River Basin has been developed step by step, over decades since 1913. And from the beginning, its major goal has been to achieve optimal conditions for the people living in the region. For this purpose, a functional water supply and wastewater disposal infrastructure has been built up. The development of these structures required and still requires multi-dimensional planning and performance. Since the river serves as receiving water and at the same time as a source of drinking water, the above-standard efforts of Ruhrverband for cleaner water also help to conserve nature and wildlife. Ruhrverband has summed up its environmental awareness in the slogan: “For the people and for the environment”. This basic water philosophy, successfully applied to the Ruhr for more than 80 years, will be continued in accordance with the new European Water Framework Directive, enacted in 2000, which demands integrated water resources management in natural river basins, by including the good ecological status of surface waterbodies as an additional goal.

scholarly journals Creating Able Human Beings: Social Studies Education in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, 1969 to the Present

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Social Studies Education ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mandated Curriculum ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Integrated Curricula

RésuméAprès le transfert de responsabilité en matière d’éducation dans le nord du Canada par le gouvernement fédéral aux Territoires du Nord-Ouest (TNO) en 1969-1970, le département d’Éducation des Territoires rend, dès lors, obligatoire un programme scolaire axé sur les identités linguistiques et culturelles des élèves dénés et inuits afin de contrer les approches intentionnellement assimilatrices des écoles fédérales antérieures, pensionnats religieux ou écoles publiques. Cet article s’intéresse à l’aspect social des programmes d’études durant les trente années suivantes dans les TNO et de 1999 à 2013 pour le Nunavut. Après consultation de documents pertinents, l’auteure soutient que les programmes d’études instaurés dans le Nord durant cette période de 45 ans reposaient sur la culture autochtone (culturally responsive), mais sans grande conviction. Elle suggère également un nouveau terme « culturally founded education » à savoir une éducation authentiquement autochtone en référence à l’intégration des programmes développés par les peuples aborigènes du Nord d’après leurs propres perspectives culturelles. La conclusion propose des actions concrètes pour garantir que les programmes d’études soient en lien avec la population et préparent adéquatement les élèves à s’impliquer d’une manière significative dans le monde complexe du XXIe siècle. Abstract Upon transfer of responsibility for schooling in Canada’s north from the federal government to the Northwest Territories in 1969-70, the territorial Department of Education immediately mandated curriculum whose central focus was on Dene and Inuit students’ cultural and linguistic identities, in order to counteract the intentionally assimilationist approaches of previous federal and church residential and day schools. This article examines social studies curricula over the next 30 years in the NWT, and from 1999-2013 in Nunavut. Reviewing relevant documents, I argue that social studies curricula developed in the north during these 45 years have featured culturally responsive education, but did not accomplish this consistently. I also suggest a new term, culturally founded education, to refer to integrated curricula developed by northern Aboriginal peoples from their own cultural perspectives. The conclusion recommends future actions to ensure social studies education continues to reflect the people it serves and prepares students to make meaningful contributions in the complex world of the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals The De Rossett Farm (41HE75) and Quate Place (41HE81) Sites in the Cobb Creek Valley in the Upper Neches River Basin, Henderson County, Texas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Perttula
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
The State ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
East Texas ◽  
University Of Texas ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
The University ◽  
Neches River ◽  
The Town

The De Rossett Farm and Quate Place sites were among the earliest East Texas archaeological sites to be investigated by professional archaeologists at The University of Texas (UT), which began under the direction of Dr. J. E. Pearce between 1918-1920. According to Pearce, UT began work in this part of the state under the auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and that work “had led me to suppose that I should find this part of the State rich in archeological material of a high order.” The two sites were investigated in August 1920. They are on Cobb Creek, a small and eastward-flowing tributary to the Neches River, nor far to the northeast of the town of Frankston, Texas; the sites are across the valley from each other. The De Rossett Farm site is on an upland slope on the north side of the valley, while the Quate Place site is on an upland slope on the south side of the Cobb Creek valley, about 2 km west of the Neches River, and slightly southeast from the De Rossett Farm. Both sites have domestic Caddo archaeological deposits, and there was an ancestral Caddo cemetery of an unknown extent and character at the De Rossett Farm.

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