Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War

Slavic Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 866-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Kozelsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
State Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Complex State ◽  
Intelligence Operations

During the Crimean War, Crimean Tatars were charged en masse with collaborating with the Allies. At the war's conclusion, nearly 200,000 Tatars left the peninsula to relocate in the Ottoman empire. Mara Kozelsky contributes to an understanding of this critical episode in the Crimean War by examining secret surveillance documents, a collection that records complex state attitudes toward Tatars from the Allied landing on the Crimean coast to the Treaty of Paris. These documents reveal that intelligence operations provided no evidence of a collective Tatar guilt and instead testified to the diversity of pressures on state policies toward subject populations on the front lines of battie. Shifting wartime conditions, religious tensions, and repeated crises at the front highlighted unresolved debates about religion and loyalty to the state. Some officials recommended deporting the Tatars, others encouraged their migration, and still others advocated on the Tatars’ behalf.

IV. British Policy Towards Parliamentary Rule and Constitutionalism in Turkey (1830–1914)

1933 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Temperley
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
British Policy ◽  
British Idealism ◽  
Almost All

Baron Aehrenthal told the British Ambassador at Vienna in 1908 that British policy was “idealistic and humanitarian” while “his was frankly realistic.” In practice British “idealism” hasnowhere been more strongly dashed with “realism” than in Turkey. The dogma of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire became established as a principle of British policy during the late thirties. This result was mainly due to Palmerston and to the revelation of the dependence of Turkey on Russia implied in the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi. The presence of Russian warships on the waters, and Russian troops on the shores, of the Bosphorus taught a lesson to Englishmen. The defence of Constantinople became a sort of dogma, which ultimately extended to almost all parties in the state. Cobden and Bright resisted the infection but they were in a small minority. The Crimean War was a result of this dogma, and it is to be noted that even Aberdeen—who so greatly regretted the bloodshed—thought it right for England to defend Constantinople. Even so late as 1878 Disraeli was able to rally the majority in Parliament and in the country in defence of the same cause and city. And the reason for this defence was British interests.

Slavery and Ransom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Law

This chapter explores captives’ fates after their capture, all along the Ottoman land and maritime frontiers, arguing that this was largely determined by individuals’ value for ransom or sale. First this was a matter of localized customary law; then it became a matter of inter-imperial rules, the “Law of Ransom.” The chapter discusses the nature of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing the role of elite households, and the varying prices for captives based on their individual characteristics. It shows that the Ottoman state participated in ransoming, buying, exploiting, and sometimes selling both female and male captives. The state particularly needed young men to row on its galleys, but this changed in the late eighteenth century as the fleet moved from oars to sails. The chapter then turns to ransom, showing that a captive’s ability to be ransomed, and value, depended on a variety of individualized factors.

Measuring Complex State Policies: Pitfalls and Considerations, with an Application to Race and Welfare Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Plutzer ◽  
Michael B. Berkman ◽  
James Honaker ◽  
Christopher Ojeda ◽  
Anne Whitesell
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Policy ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Complex State ◽  
Measuring Complex

Spying on the Russians: Archibald Douglas and HMS Egeria at Petropavlovsk, 1877–1878

Polar Record ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (172) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Ian R. Stone
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
The Balkans

AbstractThe period 1877–1878 was one of tension between Britain and Russia caused by the Russo-Turkish War and the consequent threat to the route to India. The Royal Navy was deployed to deter the Russians in seas adjacent to the Balkans, but also undertook intelligence gathering missions further afield. Two of these were to Petropavlovsk in sub-Arctic Kamchatka and were undertaken by Commander A.L. Douglas in HMS Egeria. The British, with their French allies, had sustained a serious defeat there during the Crimean War and wished to ascertain the state of Russian defences should there be fresh hostilities. In the event, Douglas discovered that the Russians had abandoned Petropavlovsk as a fortified post and that there was no garrison. His reports were, therefore, negative, but included interesting information concerning Petropavlovsk in this era.

scholarly journals The Struggle for World Dominationand the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Ivan Parvev
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Compromise ◽  
The Creation

The proposed analysis evaluates Russian and British policies during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-78), with bilateral relations being placed in the context of the global hostility between England and Russia lasting from 1815 onwards. In the period between the end of the Crimean War (1853-56) and early 1870s there were serious changes in the balance of power in Europe, which was related to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The possibility of Russian-German geopolitical union however was a bad global scenario for the United Kingdom. Because of this, English policy during the Great Eastern Crisis was not that strongly opposed to the Russia one, and did not support the Ottoman Empire at all costs. This made it possible to establish political compromise between London and St. Petersburg, which eventually became the basis of the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

scholarly journals Majalah Ahkam Johor: Sumbangannya dalam Perkembangan Islam di Johor pada Akhir Abad ke 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafiz Othman ◽  
Ermy Azziaty Rozali ◽  
Napisah Karimah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Court Proceedings

The Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah belongs to the Ottoman Empire has been introduced in Johor, Malaysia during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1908). The book was brought to the Johor Government in 1893 during the reign of Johor’s Sultan Abu Bakar (1862-1895) in its Arabic language and it was translated later into Malay language and Jawi script during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim (1895-1959) in 1913. The translation was done by the Mufti of Johor and it is known as the Majalah Ahkam Johor. The book is a legal reference comprises the civil matters of muamalat, for example sale and purchase, rent and hibah, besides of containing court proceedings too. There are previous studies which affirmed that the Majalah Ahkam Johor was rarely used as a reference in court due to the expansion of colonial British in Malaya. The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyse the challenges of the use of the book in Johor and the obstacles in it’s implementation. The methodology of this study is based on qualitative design with historical research approach and document analysis from primary and contemporary data. The findings of this study shows that the use of the Majalah Ahkam Johor at the court level faced obstacles due to the British administration policy of interfering with the state legal and judicial system. Furthermore, the introduction of British law led to the abandonment of the use of Majalah Ahkam Johor as a reference on Islamic matters in Johor.

scholarly journals Islamic Sharia and Non-Muslim Citizens in Kanunname During Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-68
Author(s):  
Meirison Alizar ◽  
Qasim Muhammadi
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Good Treatment ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Leadership Crisis ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence

The tolerant spirit of Islam has inspired Ottoman rulers to adopt policies relating to non-Muslim citizens. The leadership crisis in the Ottoman Empire and the Western interests through capitulation have changed judicial system in the empire, including the system for non-Muslims that allows them to conduct their own judiciary and provide absolute freedom of religious matters. Tanzimāt, which is expected to bring improvements to the legislation system in Ottoman Empire, has marginalized Islamic law which is only enforced in aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah. Sultan Abdul Hamid II tried to maintain Islamic law by codifying Western European style. Some legal codifications contain qawāid fiqhiyyah (principles of Islamic law) which are sourced from the books of the Hanafi School of jurisprudence, and some others adopt Western laws by taking a few opinions of Islamic jurisprudence. This study analyzed various literatures related to policies towards non-Muslim citizens in the Ottoman era. The study uses descriptive and qualitative methods with a content analysis approach. Broadly speaking, this study found that the Ottoman Empire had given good treatment to non-Muslim citizens. The non-Muslim citizens get various facilities from the State, including the establishment of special institutions that handle their own affairs, although at the same time they have been used by Western countries to support their interests in Ottoman Empire.

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