A Tentative Classification of the Prehistoric Cultures of Minnesota

1941 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Wilford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

The archaeology of Minnesota is of interest for three principal reasons. Its geographical situation near the center of the continent, where it is the only state having drainage to the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico, gives it importance in the consideration of migrations of early man and of the late prehistoric westward movements of various Indian groups. Until recently, the archaeology of this large area was less well known than that of other areas in the region, so an increased knowledge of it will be of value in contributing to a better understanding of the known archaeological manifestations of the central and northeastern parts of the United States. Finally, over most of the state the last prehistoric remains are of the Woodland pattern, giving an especially good opportunity for a study of that pattern in a relatively unaffected form.

scholarly journals Arktisk råds rolle i polarpolitikken

Nordlit ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjørn Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Foreign Policies

This article discusses what role(s) member governments want the Arctic Council to have in Arctic affairs. It compares the foreign policies of the five littoral states of the Arctic Ocean: Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States. It identifies and examines three determining debates on a ministerial level over the Arctic Council and the issues it might address: The first debate preceded the Arctic Council's creation in 1996; the second thrived as the five Arctic littoral states convened in Ilulissat, Greenland in 2008; and the third followed a political shift inthe United States in 2009.

United States research at drifting stations in the Arctic Ocean

Polar Record ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 10 (66) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Browne Cottell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Study Program ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ocean Study ◽  
International Geophysical

Project “Ice Skate” was initiated in 1957 to establish and support the United States drifting research stations in the Arctic Ocean, “Alpha”, and “Bravo” and later the “Alpha” replacement, “Charlie”. The purpose of the project was to provide facilities for research in geophysical phenomena as prescribed in the Arctic Ocean Study Program formulated by the United States National Committee for the International Geophysical Year, and continued under the International Geophysical Co-operation Program.

The Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations (Nordreg) and the Law of the Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kraska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
Polar Environment ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Impact

This article explores the nature of Canada’s laws and regulations governing the Northern Canada Vessel Services Zone Regulations (nordreg) within the context of the international law of the sea. It provides context for the response to nordreg by the United States, and forecasts the impact of nordreg on future shipping regulations in the Arctic Ocean more generally. As Arctic nations develop shipping regulations, Canadian statutes—and their intersection with the international law of the sea and the rules adopted by the International Maritime Organization—are instructive for ensuring safety and security in the unique marine polar environment.

Arctic Ocean Shipping

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-88
Author(s):  
Donald R. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Ocean Shipping

AbstractArctic Ocean shipping is on the brink of becoming a critical legal, geopolitical and security issue as a result of the impacts of climate change and increased interest in the Arctic Ocean from States that traditionally did not operate within the region. The law of the sea throughunclosprovides the key legal framework for the regulation of Arctic Ocean shipping, supplemented and extended by relatedimoconventions and national laws and regulations. This framework has been relied upon by the two major North American Arctic States – Canada and the United States – to develop the legal regime for the Northwest Passage and the Bering Strait. There have been historic disagreements between Canada and the United States with respect to the Northwest Passage, and while not resolved they have to date been managed through legal and political responses. Other straits may become more strategically significant as a result of climate change, including Nares Strait between Canada and Greenland.eezand high seas Arctic Ocean navigation by foreign flagged vessels also needs to be anticipated. Multiple issues are raised with respect to maritime security and the adequacy of the existing legal regime, including how Canada and the United States will respond to interest being expressed in Arctic shipping by Asian States such as China.

The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. IX. Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, Gammarus stoerensis Reid, and Gammarus mucronatus Say

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Steele ◽  
V. J. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Small Species ◽  
Gammarus Mucronatus ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Large Brood ◽  
Circumpolar Arctic

Gammarus wilkitzkii is a circumpolar, arctic species found from the Arctic Ocean south to Newfoundland. Females produce a single large brood of large eggs in the autumn or early winter which hatches and is released from April to July. The species matures at a relatively large size.Gammarus stoerensis is an Atlantic amphiboreal species found from eastern Nova Scotia south to Rhode Island. It is a small species and females produce a series of small broods of small eggs between the spring and autumn, but are in the resting stage between then and late winter.Gammarus mucronatus is found from southwestern Newfoundland south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is a small species and produces a low number of small eggs in each of several summer broods.

The Distribution of the European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion polytomum (Htg.) in the Scandinavian and Eastern Baltic Countries

1942 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell F. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
European Area ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Since 1930 the European spruce sawfly (Diprion polytomum) has caused severe damage in eastern Canada and is a meance to the spruce woodlands in the northeastern part of the United States. In 1938 under a cooperative arrangement with the Division of Entomology, Canadian Department of Agriculture, and the Farnham House Laboratory, Imperial Institute of Entomology, England, which were to continue their collecting in the central European area for the recovery of natural enemies, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, made a survey of the Scandinavian and eastern Baltic countries to extend the knowledge of the distribution of the sawfly ; to discover, if possible, better or equally as good collecting grounds, where new species of parasites might be found ; and to obtain additional information regarding the better known species of parasites. The most favourable habitats of the sawfly are found in the one-generation areas under conditions which provided a maximum of sun-heat, moisture, and shelter, near to the upper limits of spruce growth. The least favourable habitats are the drier, less humid places, especially in the two-generation areas. The sawfly was found everywhere on spruce, from the German-Danish border in Denmark and in southern Norway to the northernmost spruce forests of Sweden, and from far above the Arctic Circle in Finland southward through the eastern Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The range of distribution covered in this survey was from approximately latitude 55° in Denmark and Lithuania to latitude 68° 45′ in Finland. This includes most of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Fennoskandia, and the eastern Baltic countries. Spruce comprised from 25 to 40 per cent. of the productive forest land of this large area. Large collections of the European spruce sawfly were made in Sweden and Finland for the Canadian Division of Entomology.

scholarly journals Geopolitical aspects of navigation front of the Arctic in the XXI century: strategic routes for Russia and China

Polylogos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (№ 4 (18)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Marianna Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Military Development

The 21st century is marked by changes in matters of power balancing and system polarity, which could be explained by Geopolitical theories. In this paper, we intend to investigate how the classical Geopolitical theories – such as the Heartland/Pivot Area theory, wrote down by Halford J. Mackinder, and the Sea Power theory, wrote down by Alfred T. Mahan – could be faced and readapted amid the new settles of strategic routes and military development needs, brought by the ice-melting of the Arctic Ocean. The study cases will concentrate on Russia and China, due to their recent investments in the opening of new strategic routes for navigation and trade, including the Arctic routes, demanding inputs on technologies, transport innovation, and military emulation. Working on a qualitative method, with analysis of primary sources (such as government documents on strategies for the Arctic), and secondary sources (such as books, articles, interviews and other published materials on the topic), we hypothesize that: (i) the classical theories never predicted the ice-melting of the Arctic Ocean, perceiving it as a natural shield, and not as a navigable pathway; (ii) that the Arctic defrosting opens up new strategic routes for other countries besides Russia and China, like Canada and the United States, emerging a new conflict spot due to their different interests around this opportunity. Based on that, the preliminary results point out that: (i) it is not possible to apply the classical theories of geopolitics to these new configurations of the international system, without at least a reinterpretation/readaptation to the current context, which would alter all the power dynamics predicted by its authors; (ii) Russia and China are readequating themselves to this new scenario, in order to gain some advantages in a hypothetical dispute for the Arctic control.

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