A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area

1943 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Initial Series ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
British Honduras ◽  
Maya Area

Maya history can be divided into four great periods; the formative, the initial series, the Mexican, and the Mexican absorption. The formative period (prior to A.D. 300) comprises the Mamom and Chicanel phases at Uaxactun and coeval phases found elsewhere in the central area (Petén, British Honduras, Chiapas, Tabasco, lower Motagua, drainage), the northern area (Yucatan, northern Campeche, Quintana Roo) and, as we shall see, the southern area.

scholarly journals Fibromyalgia Impact Score in Women with Fibromyalgia Across Southern, Central, and Northern Areas of Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (22;5) ◽  
pp. E511-E516
Author(s):  
Victor Segura-Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Norm Scores

Background: The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) is the most used questionnaire worldwide to measure the health status of patients with fibromyalgia. The questionnaire has been subjected to several studies to analyze psychometric properties. However, norm scores and cultural differences have not been presented. Objectives: To obtain and present norm scores for the FIQ in patients with fibromyalgia in different cultures, namely Southern, Central, and Northern areas of Europe. Study Design: This observational study consisted of women with fibromyalgia from 4 countries (Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden) classified in 3 areas (Southern, Central, and Northern) in Europe. Setting: Women with fibromyalgia from Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Methods: The impact of fibromyalgia was assessed by the FIQ. A total of 1,478 women with fibromyalgia were asked to fill out the FIQ in the Spanish (n = 531), Dutch and Belgian (n = 629), or Swedish (n = 318) versions. Results: The norm scores and percentiles score of the FIQ are presented. Norm scores differed between European areas (Southern area = 64.8 ± 15.9; Central area = 60.9 ± 15.7; Northern area = 62.8 ± 16.7). Perceived physical impairment, overall well-being (all, P < 0.001), FIQ total (P < 0.01), and morning tiredness (P < 0.05) in women with fibromyalgia from the Central area of Europe reported lower impact than Southern and Northern areas. The Northern area of Europe showed the lowest score of job difficulty, anxiety, depression (all, P < 0.001), and pain (P < 0.01), whereas the Southern area of Europe showed the lowest score of work missed subscale (P < 0.001) with regard to the rest of the areas studied. Limitations: The selection of patients was conducted with just women because of the scarce prevalence of fibromyalgia among men. Moreover, sociodemographic status, socioeconomic status, and clinical characteristics were not measured. Similar research should be conducted with adequate representation of populations from other parts of the world. Conclusions: Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences mainly between the Southern area versus Northern and Central areas of Europe. The impact of fibromyalgia showed mainly higher scores in women with fibromyalgia from the Southern area of Europe. Key words: Symptom, psychometric, norm scores, European comparison

The Effect of Rainfall on the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Simple Apparatus ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Empoasca Lybica ◽  
Definite Correlation

The Gezira Scheme is divided into three areas according to the incidence of the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica.1. The Northern area of normal abundance.2. The Central area of occasional abundance.3. The Southern area of possible abundance.The causes for this difference in the number of Jassids in the three areas were studied and rainfall in showers over 10 mm. in July and August was found to be the important factor. A definite correlation was found between the number of Jassids on cotton and the amount of this rainfall.Some experiments were carried out which proved that the effect of rain was due to the splashing of mud from the soil on to the lower side of the leaves. The rain could therefore be effective if it is heavy enough to produce mud splashing.It was shown by a simple apparatus that mud splashing hardly rises more than 30–40 mm.The correlation between the number of Jassids and the amount of rainfall in July and August might be used as a basis for forecasting the extent of Jassid attack on cotton every year.

scholarly journals The Historical Anthroponymy of the Ruthenian Population Living in the Historical Territories of the Eastern Lublin Region (On the Material of Registers of Parishes in the Former Greek-Uniate Diocese of Chełm)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Marcin Kojder
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Parish Registers

The subject of research is the anthroponymy of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) population living in the historical territories of the eastern Lublin region on the Polish-East-Slavic borderland. The underlying objective of the study was to investigate the Ruthenian onomastics functioning in the historical Polish-Ukrainian onomastics and to highlight the territorial diversification of the personal names of Ukrainians, related to the dialectal diversity in the studied territory. The reference database is personal proper names excerpted from the parish registers of Uniate parishes in the former Chełm diocese. The territory investigated was divided into three areas: northern, central and southern, based on the ranges of the Ukrainian dialects spoken in the territory of present-day Poland. The research material was excerpted from the records of Uniate parishes in the former Chełm diocese in the years of 1662–1810. The northern area, defined by the range of Podlasie local dialects, and the central area, determined by the ranges of transitional dialects from northern to southern ones and Volhynian dialects, exhibit features closely similar to peasant anthroponymy, while the southern area, defined by the ranges of Dniester and San dialects, presents features characteristic of the anthroponymy of the lower Ukrainian gentry.

A Survey of the Northern Maya Area

1945 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Formative Period ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
American Antiquity ◽  
Initial Series ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
Classical Age

In a Previous article in American Antiquity I have outlined the four main divisions of Maya history: the formative period (prior to A.D. 320); the Initial Series period, which is the classical age (A.D. 320–900); the Mexican period (A.D. 987–1204); and the Mexican absorption period (A.D. 1204–1540). I have also sketched briefly the three provinces into which the Maya area can be rather readily divided.1 Nevertheless, it is difficult to place exactly the boundary between the central and northern areas. I have included in the former the various sites of southern Campeche—such as Calakmul—which are culturally a part of the Peten, and which appear to have been abandoned at the close of the Initial Series period.

Geographic and ontogenetic variations in parasite communities of intertidal fish species from the south-eastern Pacific coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Leiva ◽  
G. Muñoz ◽  
M.T. González
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Intertidal Fish ◽  
Mature Fish

Abstract Parasite composition can be affected by physiological and ecological changes during host ontogeny. Intertidal fish do not travel long distances and live in the same area throughout their lifetimes, meaning that parasite communities can differ across geographic ranges. The objective of this study was to analyse the parasite communities of three fish species (Hypsoblennius sordidus, Helcogrammoides cunninghami and Scartichthys viridis) collected from the Chilean coast. The composition of parasite species was compared among host ontogenetic stages (larvae, juveniles and mature fish) and geographic areas. A total of 184 larval, 252 juveniles and 217 mature individuals were collected in the northern area (c. 24°S), and 186 larval, 192 juveniles and 112 mature individuals from the central area (c. 33°S). Ectoparasites were most prevalent in fish from the central area, whereas endoparasites were most prevalent in the northern area. The parasite species richness varied significantly between geographical areas for H. sordidus and H. cunninghami, but the parasite composition varied significantly between geographical areas for all fish species analysed. Therefore, the geographical area was the most important factor determining the parasite composition of intertidal fish species. The absence of endoparasites in fish larvae and the increased infestation in juvenile and mature fish may be explained by the shift in habitat from the water column to intertidal pools where prey abundance and availability are higher. On the other hand, hydrographic barriers affecting prey distributions may also offer an explanation as to the differences in parasite composition.

THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF CORRESPONDING GRADES OF WHEAT DRAWN FROM THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF WESTERN CANADA

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (9) ◽  
pp. 276-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ansel Anderson ◽  
William J. Eva
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Western Area ◽  
Northern Zone ◽  
North Western

Data for 12 crops, 1927 to 1938, have been used to examine the protein contents of Grades 1, 2, and 3 Northern drawn from the northern and north-western area, and from the central and southern area, of Western Canada. The boundary between the areas was taken as that dividing zones averaging over and under 13% protein. Grades 1, 2, and 3 Northern from the southern area averaged 14.2, 14.0, and 14.0% protein; those from the northern area averaged 12.8, 12.0, and 11.6% protein; and the average difference between zones for all three grades was 2.0%. The reasons for the increase in the spread between zones with decreasing grade are discussed. For the 12 yr. period, the average protein content of shipments of Western Canadian wheat is estimated as 13.5%. If no wheat had been shipped from the northern zone the average protein level would have been increased by about 0.5 per cent.

scholarly journals Increasing Cervical Cancer Incidence in Rural Eastern Cape Province of South Africa From 1998 to 2012: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nontuthuzelo I.M. Somdyala ◽  
Debbie Bradshaw ◽  
Muhammad A. Dhansay ◽  
Daniela C. Stefan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Registry ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
District Health ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Screening Coverage

PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate trends in the age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates in two distinct regions (the northern and southern areas) of South Africa covered by a population-based cancer registry. In addition, trends in coverage of the cervical cancer screening program were assessed using routine health service data. METHODS Occurrences (topography C53.0-C53.9) for the period 1998-2012 were extracted from a cancer registry database from which basic descriptive statistics and frequencies were analyzed for all variables using CanReg4. Trends over time were estimated using a direct standardization method and world standard population as a reference. Screening coverage annualized figures for women age ≥ 30 years by sub–health district were extracted from the District Health Information System. RESULTS In the northern area, annual age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 women increased from 24.0 (95% CI, 21.1 to 27.0) in 1998-2002 to 39.0 (95% CI, 35.6 to 42.5) in 2008-2012, with a screening coverage rate of 15% by 2012. In contrast, no increase was observed in incidence in the southern area, with rates of 20.0 (95% CI, 18.5 to 21.4) in 1998-2002 and 18.8 (95% CI, 16.2 to 21.4) in 2008-2012, and the southern area had a higher screening coverage of 41% in 2012. Overall, the percentage distribution of stage at diagnosis showed that 28.5% of occurrences were diagnosed at disease stages I and II and 35%, at III and IV; 36% had with missing stage information (2003-2012). In 77% of occurrences, a histologically verified diagnosis was made, compared with only 12.3% by cytology. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated an almost two-fold increase in the incidence rate in the northern area but little change in the southern area of the cancer registry.

The Claymore Field, Block 14/19, UK North Sea

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Harker ◽  
S. C. H. Green ◽  
R. S. Romani
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Main Area ◽  
Cumulative Production ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Clay Formation

AbstractThe Claymore Field is located in UK North Sea Block 14/19 on the southwest margin of the Witch Ground Graben. The principal structure is a southerly tilted and truncated fault block. The field is divided into three producing areas. Major production is from Upper Jurassic paralic sandstones of the Sgiath Formation and turbidite sandstones of the Claymore Sandstone Member of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the downflank Main Area. Minor production is from Permian carbonates of the Halibut Bank Formation and Carboniferous sandstones of the Forth Formation in the crestal Central Area. The Northern Area is a northerly plunging nose, extending graben wards from the Claymore tilt block. Production in the Northern Area is from Lower Cretaceous turbidite sandstones of the Valhall Formation.A small amount of oil was recovered on a wireline test in 1972 from Permian carbonates in the crestally located 14/19-1 well, in what is now termed the Central Area. In 1974 the Main Area was discovered by the southerly downdip well 14/19-2, and the Northern Area was discovered by the northerly downdip well 14/19-6A. Initial oil in place was 1452.9 MMBBL with currently estimated ultimate proved recovery of 511.0 MMBBL of oil. A 36-slot steel platform was installed in 1977. Two subsea water-injection templates were added in 1981 and 1985. Cumulative production to 6 July 1988 was 322.9 MMBBL of oil and daily production was 75 000 BOPD of oil from 28 producers, supported by 16 injectors.

Shells from Maya Excavations in British Honduras

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horace G. Richards ◽  
H. J. Boekelman
Keyword(s):  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
British Honduras

Two small collections of shells obtained from Maya ruins in British Honduras have recently come to hand, and it has been thought worth while to record the species found, both from a conchological and archaeological viewpoint. When shells are found in archaeological sites, their classification and correlation of original habitats often permit interesting deductions to be made concerning trade routes or relations.The first set was collected by Dr. Thomas Gann from a crystal burial mound near Rio Hok Skum. The locality is near Corozal in the northern part of British Honduras and about thirty miles from the boundary of Quintana Roo, Mexico.

Niuean

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brown ◽  
Kara Tukuitonga
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Female Speaker ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Northern Area ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Male Speaker ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Niuean (ISO 639-3 code niu) is a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Niue, with an additional population of speakers living in New Zealand. Figure 1 indicates where Niue is located with respect to other neighboring islands in the South Pacific. The 2011 Niue Census of Populations and Households cited the number of individuals who had either basic or fluent spoken abilities at 1121 (with 101 non-speakers) (Statistics Niue 2012). English is the second most widely used language on the island. The 2013 New Zealand census cited 4548 individuals living in New Zealand who listed Niuean as one of their languages (Statistics New Zealand 2013). Niuean is classified as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (Moseley 2010). There are historically two distinct dialects: the older Motu dialect from the northern area, and the more recent Tafiti from the southern area. These dialect differences were once reflected in slight phonological differences in vocabulary items, but the differences have since eroded in the modern language (see McEwen 1970: ix). Previous research on Niuean phonetics and phonology includes a brief outline in Seiter (1980: x), two dictionaries (McEwen 1970, Sperlich 1997), and an article on vowel length (Rolle & Starks 2014). While these works provide an overview of some of the phenomena to be addressed below, this sketch attempts a more thorough documentation of the phonetic structures of Niuean, and provides novel acoustic and articulatory data from the language. Recordings accompanying this paper are of a male speaker (Mr. Krypton Okesene) and a female speaker (the second author).

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