Some Notes on the Manufacture of Wampum Prior to 1654

1938 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Burggraf
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Mohawk Valley ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North

The coast of Long Island is dotted with shellheaps, both large and small, of which all but a few are true kitchen middens of the pre-white contact period. This is particularly true of the region investigated by the writer, from the New York City line to Stony Brook on the North Shore. In only one heap examined prior to 1936 did a single artifact of European origin present itself. In that instance, a badly corroded triangular arrow of iron was found in a pit surrounded by deep deposits of shell and other refuse that contained not one fragment of metal, glass, or crockery. In this heap the majority of arrow points were of local quartz, and triangular in pattern. The pottery was abundant, and though most sherds were of typical Long Island Algonkin vessels, there was a fair amount of definitely Iroquoian ware including a small, nearly complete, square-collared pot that cannot be distinguished from a Mohawk Valley specimen.

scholarly journals Analysis of major air pollutants and submicron particles in New York City and Long Island

2017 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Masiol ◽  
P.K. Hopke ◽  
H.D. Felton ◽  
B.P. Frank ◽  
O.V. Rattigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Submicron Particles

scholarly journals Modeling ozone plumes observed downwind of New York City over the North Atlantic Ocean during the ICARTT field campaign

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 7375-7397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-H. Lee ◽  
S.-W. Kim ◽  
M. Trainer ◽  
G. J. Frost ◽  
S. A. McKeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
York City ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Urban Plumes

Abstract. Transport and chemical transformation of well-defined New York City (NYC) urban plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean were studied using aircraft measurements collected on 20–21 July 2004 during the ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation) field campaign and WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry) model simulations. The strong NYC urban plumes were characterized by carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios of 350–400 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) and ozone (O3) levels of about 100 ppbv near New York City on 20 July in the WP-3D in-situ and DC-3 lidar aircraft measurements. On 21 July, the two aircraft captured strong urban plumes with about 350 ppbv CO and over 150 ppbv O3 (~160 ppbv maximum) about 600 km downwind of NYC over the North Atlantic Ocean. The measured urban plumes extended vertically up to about 2 km near New York City, but shrank to 1–1.5 km over the stable marine boundary layer (MBL) over the North Atlantic Ocean. The WRF-Chem model reproduced ozone formation processes, chemical characteristics, and meteorology of the measured urban plumes near New York City (20 July) and in the far downwind region over the North Atlantic Ocean (21 July). The quasi-Lagrangian analysis of transport and chemical transformation of the simulated NYC urban plumes using WRF-Chem results showed that the pollutants can be efficiently transported in (isentropic) layers in the lower atmosphere (<2–3 km) over the North Atlantic Ocean while maintaining a dynamic vertical decoupling by cessation of turbulence in the stable MBL. The O3 mixing ratio in the NYC urban plumes remained at 80–90 ppbv during nocturnal transport over the stable MBL, then grew to over 100 ppbv by daytime oxidation of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) with mixing ratios on the order of 1 ppbv. Efficient transport of reactive nitrogen species (NOy), specifically nitric acid (HNO3), was confirmed through the comparison of the CO/NOy ratio in photochemically fresh and aged NYC plumes, implying the possibility of long-range transport of O3 over the stable MBL over the North Atlantic Ocean in association with NOx regeneration mechanism. The impact of chemical initial and boundary conditions (IC/BCs) on modelled O3 urban plumes was investigated in terms of the background O3 level and the vertical structure of the urban plumes. Simulations with dynamic ("time-variant") chemical IC/BCs enhanced the O3 level by 2–12 ppbv on average in the atmospheric layer below 3 km, showing better agreement with the observed NYC plumes and biomass-burning plumes than the simulation with prescribed static IC/BCs. The simulation including MOZART-4 chemical IC/BCs and Alaskan/Canadian wildfire emissions compared better to the observed O3 profiles in the upper atmospheric layer (>~3 km) than models that only accounted for North American anthropogenic/biogenic and wildfire contributions to background ozone. The comparison between models and observations show that chemical IC/BCs must be properly specified to achieve accurate model results.

Lessons from the Past: Sicilian Mafiosi in New York City and Rosario, circa 1880–1940

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
American City ◽  
North American City ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

From the mid-nineteenth century, many Sicilians, including members of the mafia, were on the move. After sketching the contours of the mafia in Sicily in the nineteenth century, this chapter outlines the parallel history of Italian migration and mafia activities in New York City and Rosario, Argentina, and offers an analytic account of the diverging outcomes. Only in the North American city did a mafia that resembled the Sicilian one emerge. The Prohibition provided an enormous boost to both the personnel and power of Italian organized crime. The risk of punishment was low, the gains to be made were enormous, and there was no social stigma attached to this trade.

Jason Miller

2020 ◽  
pp. 448-464
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Coal Miner ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
Eastern Pennsylvania ◽  
The University ◽  
Catholic University Of America

Born John Anthony Miller in Long Island City, Queens, New York City, playwright and actor Jason Miller had deep connections to the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. The son of Irish American parents and grandson of a coal miner, Miller was reared in the Lackawana Valley. After earning a BA from the University of Scranton and studying theater at the Catholic University of America, Miller lived in New York City to pursue a career in acting and playwriting....

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