Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association

1977 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-407
Author(s):  
Genna Rae McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
Marcus Garvey

The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Vol. III; Vol. IV

1987 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
William H. Harris ◽  
Robert A. Hill ◽  
Emory J. Tolbert ◽  
Deborah Forczek
Keyword(s):  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
Marcus Garvey

The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Volume IV: 1 September 1921-2 September 1922.

1987 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Edwin S. Redkey ◽  
Robert A. Hill ◽  
Emory J. Tolbert ◽  
Deborah Forczek
Keyword(s):  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
Marcus Garvey

Garvey Must Go

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-96
Author(s):  
D'Weston Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Black Male ◽  
Black Press ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Leader ◽  
New Negro ◽  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
Marcus Garvey ◽  
Male Leadership

This chapter reinterprets the New Negro era as an intense moment of jockeying for racial leadership among certain black male leaders and black male publishers in Harlem. This chapter argues that when Marcus Garvey arrived in Harlem to build his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), he stepped into a crucible of New Negro thought, organizing, and publications with competing visions for racial advancement. The UNIA’s businesses and paper, the Negro World, helped make Garvey the premier black leader of his day. But debates about his ideas among many black leaders quickly led to a public war of words between Garvey and critics in which they strove to use their papers to destroy the leadership of the other. Garvey used the Negro World to perform a rhetorical emasculation of critics. Garvey’s critics retaliated with the “Garvey Must Go” campaign. It not only laid bare a contentious battle in print among rival black male leaders, but also the influence the black press now had to elevate and/or destroy black male leadership.

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