Time, Money, and the Weather: Ming China and the “Great Depression” of the Mid-Fifteenth Century

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Atwell
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
Handicraft Production ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Deep Recession

During the fifteenth century, especially during its middle decades, “almost all parts of the then-known world [i.e., Europe, the Middle East, and the economically advanced regions of Asia] experienced a deep recession. By then, the ‘state of the world’ was at a much lower level than it had reached in the early fourteenth century. During the depression of the fifteenth century, the absolute level of inter-societal trade dropped, currencies were universally debased (a sure sign of decreased wealth and overall productivity), and the arts and crafts were degraded” (Abu-Lughod 1993, 85; see also Lopez and Miskimin 1962; Lopez, Miskimin, and Udovitch 1970; Postan 1973, 41–48; Wallerstein 1974, 21–38; Munro 1998, 38–39). In much of Eurasia, the worst years of this “depression” probably ended sometime during the 1460s or 1470s. Over the next six or seven decades, economic conditions in many parts of the world improved significantly, reflected in dramatic increases in agricultural and handicraft production; in the volume of interregional and international trade; and, except for the western hemisphere where Afro-Eurasian diseases decimated native populations during the early sixteenth century, in demographic growth.

God, Indian conceptions of

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibajiban Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ultimate Reality ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Advaita Vedanta ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Summum Bonum ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

In the Ṛg Veda, the oldest text in India, many gods and goddesses are mentioned by name; most of them appear to be deifications of natural powers, such as fire, water, rivers, wind, the sun, dusk and dawn. The Mīmāṃsā school started by Jaimini (c.ad 50) adopts a nominalistic interpretation of the Vedas. There are words like ‘Indra’, ‘Varuṇa’, and so on, which are names of gods, but there is no god over and above the names. God is the sacred word (mantra) which has the potency to produce magical results. The Yoga system of Patañjali (c.ad 300) postulates God as a soul different from individual souls in that God does not have any blemishes and is eternally free. The ultimate aim of life is not to realize God, but to realize the nature of one’s own soul. God-realization may help some individuals to attain self-realization, but it is not compulsory to believe in God to attain the summum bonum of human life. Śaṅkara (c.ad 780), who propounded the Advaita Vedānta school of Indian philosophy, agrees that God-realization is not the ultimate aim of human life. Plurality, and therefore this world, are mere appearances, and God, as the creator of the world, is himself relative to the concept of the world. Rāmānuja (traditionally 1016–1137), the propounder of the Viśiṣṭādvaita school, holds God to be ultimate reality, and God-realization to be the ultimate goal of human life. The way to realize God is through total self-surrender to God. Nyāya theory also postulates one God who is an infinite soul, a Person with omniscience and omnipresence as his attributes. God is the creator of language, the author of the sacred Vedas, and the first teacher of all the arts and crafts.

Redesigning the World: William Morris, the 1880s, and the Arts and Crafts

1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1200
Author(s):  
Janet Oppenheim ◽  
Peter Stansky
Keyword(s):  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
William Morris ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World

Redesigning the World: William Morris, the 1880s, and the Arts and Crafts

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Jane Morley ◽  
Peter Stansky
Keyword(s):  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
William Morris ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World

Postmodernism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The term ‘postmodernism’ appears in a range of contexts, from academic essays to clothing advertisements in the New York Times. Its meaning differs with context to such an extent that it seems to function like Lévi-Strauss’ ‘floating signifier’(Derrida 1982: 290): not so much to express a value as to hold open a space for that which exceeds expression. This broad capacity of the term ‘postmodernism’ testifies to the scope of the cultural changes it attempts to compass. Across a wide range of cultural activity there has been a sustained and multivalent challenge to various founding assumptions of Western European culture since at least the fifteenth century and in some cases since the fifth century bc: assumptions about structure and identity, about transcendence and particularity, about the nature of time and space. From physics to philosophy, from politics to art, the description of the world has changed in ways that upset some basic beliefs of modernity. For example, phenomenology seeks to collapse the dualistic distinction between subject and object; relativity physics shifts descriptive emphasis from reality to measurement; the arts move away from realism; and consensus politics confronts totalitarianism and genocide. These and related cultural events belong to seismic changes in the way we register the world and communicate with each other. To grasp what is at stake in postmodernism it is necessary to think historically and broadly, in the kind of complex terms that inevitably involve multidisciplinary effort. This multilingual impetus, this bringing together of methods and ideas long segregated both in academic disciplines and in practical life, particularly characterizes postmodernism and largely accounts for such resistance as it generates. Although diverse and eclectic, postmodernism can be recognized by two key assumptions. First, the assumption that there is no common denominator – in ‘nature’ or ‘truth’ or ‘God’ or ‘the future’ – that guarantees either the One-ness of the world or the possibility of neutral or objective thought. Second, the assumption that all human systems operate like language, being self-reflexive rather than referential systems – systems of differential function which are powerful but finite, and which construct and maintain meaning and value.

scholarly journals Pandession: Corona Virus Pandemic Leading To The Biggest Economic Crises Since The Great Recession.

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 803-812
Author(s):  
Yashashvi Chouhan
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Back ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Monitoring Facility

This COVID-19 pandemic has led to a state of health shock in almost all the affected countries. The strain on the health facilities all over the world has increased drastically in the last few months leading to inability of health ministries all over the world to fulfil the demands of the country.The Coronavirus pandemic didn’t just influence the wellbeing status of different nations but on the other hand is strongly affecting the worldwide economy. Perhaps the greatest inquiry is about the conceivable monetary and monetary aftermath of requesting a third from the total populace to remain in an exacting lockdown.Some are contrasting the present-day monetary emergencies with the monetary emergency of 2008 yet the 2008 cries managed the interest side of the economy while the present-day emergency is a stock stun. It is a wellbeing stun.Countries around the world now face a major challenge to balance the load of decelerating economy and to deal with a health crisis, while not holding it too low back so that the recovery would become difficult.So, to deal with the health crises with lockdown and practice social distancing we have to hold the economy down cause if we don’t do that then we won’t be able to practice social distancing.Authorities worldwide have responded to stop the spread of the virus by initiating lockdowns, strict border monitoring, facility closures and workplace hazard controls. Most of the nation have responded by increasing their testing capacity and also tracing the contacts of infected persons so that effective self-isolation by contacts can be followed.The pandemic has caused overall social and financial interruption, which is second to the popular economic disruption of the Great Depression but India was not much affected due to respected Prime ministerManmohan Singh. Because of this the legislatures worldwide have been compelled to delay or drop donning, strict, social, and political occasions, most and majority of stock clearance skyrocketed by over purchasing, over stocking and diminished emission of poisonous and global warming substances. The instruction of youngsters has been influenced overall reason the education system from primary to top of colleges have been shut either on a from one side of the country to the other or local basis in 172 nations.

scholarly journals MUSIC IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Mangesh Rao Nehe
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Invisible

Aristotle very aptly remarks that music is the very food of soul. It is undoubtedly true when all pervasive effect of music is taken into account in all realms of life and of nature as well. Without music, we cannot imagine the very existence of Nature. In each and every aspect of nature, there is the invisible and invincible impact of music. In almost all cultures of the world, where music is an integral part of life, music has always held its dominant niche and imparted multiple dimensions and meanings to almost all aspects of life. Literature as one of the arts of expressions too cannot remain away from music as one of the elemental components.

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