scholarly journals The Role of Adaptation in Archaeological Explanation

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. O'Brien ◽  
Thomas D. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Prevailing View

Adaptation, a venerable icon in archaeology, often is afforded the vacuous role of being an ex-post-facto argument used to "explain" the appearance and persistence of traits among prehistoric groups—a position that has seriously impeded development of a selectionist perspective in archaeology. Biological and philosophical definitions of adaptation—and by extension, definitions of adaptedness—vary considerably, but all are far removed from those usually employed in archaeology. The prevailing view in biology is that adaptations are features that were shaped by natural selection and that increase the adaptedness of an organism. Thus adaptations are separated from other features that may contribute to adaptedness but are products of other evolutionary processes. Analysis of adaptation comprises two stages: showing that a feature was under selection and how the feature functioned relative to the potential adaptedness of its bearers. The archaeological record contains a wealth of information pertinent to examining the adaptedness of prehistoric groups, but attempts to use it will prove successful only if a clear understanding exists of what adaptation is and is not.

scholarly journals Gamification in the Learning of Mathematics in University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-454
Author(s):  
Ángel Salvatierra Melgar ◽  
Carlos Augusto Luy-Montejo ◽  
Segundo Sigifredo Pérez Saavedra ◽  
Abraham Ermitanio Huaman Almiron ◽  
Quispe-Cutipa Walter Arturo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
University Education ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
First Moment

In the framework of continuous improvement of university education, the corresponding bodies are attentive to the good practices detached by the agents that comprise them. In this study, gamification in the mathematics learning process is described from the perspective of 286 students identified by non-probabilistic intentional sampling. Under these arguments, the methodology of the study is non-experimental, descriptive ex-post-facto level; the data for the analysis were collected in two stages: first moment in an instantaneous way to be able to perceive directly the gamification in the learning of mathematics through the Mentimenter tool; in second moment, the questionnaire was applied with 33 items composed of three dimensions: dynamics, mechanics and component from the contributions of Kevin Werbach. The results attributed to the study show that gamification, from the student's perspective, is a dynamic tool for the learning of previous concepts of Basic Mathematics and Mathematical Complements in the first academic semesters; in addition, the teacher plays the role of facilitator and the student responsibly manages his space and learning environment.

Teleonomy and the proximate–ultimate distinction revisited

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A Corning
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Ernst Mayr ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Abstract It is now widely accepted that living systems exhibit an internal teleology (or teleonomy), but there are conflicting views about how this should be interpreted. Colin Pittendrigh and others have defined teleonomy broadly. It encompasses all ‘proximate’ (functional) biological phenomena. In contrast, Ernst Mayr and others would limit teleonomy to an a priori ‘program’ (the genome) and exclude proximate phenomena. I argue that living systems exhibit an ex post facto, means–ends teleonomy. Purposiveness is also a property of proximate functional phenomena. Mayr’s definition would also discount the causal role of teleonomy in shaping differential survival, i.e. natural selection and evolution. Proximate and ‘ultimate’ (evolutionary) causes are deeply interpenetrated. Going forward, we must integrate the various domains of causation better.

Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Style, and School Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Mirta R. Segredo ◽  
Peter J. Cistone ◽  
Thomas G. Reio
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
School Culture ◽  
Transactional Leadership ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Leadership Strategies ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Transformational And Transactional Leadership

Research regarding the association between emotional intelligence, leadership style and organizational culture has been inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to explore these relationships in elementary school settings. A non-experimental ex post facto research design was utilized to investigate four research hypotheses. Fifty-seven principals and 850 teachers within a large urban school district in southeast Florida were surveyed. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed positive associations between school culture and both transformational and transactional leadership, and negative associations between school culture and passive-avoidant leadership. Significant positive associations were found also between school culture and the principals' emotional intelligence after controlling for leadership style. The hierarchical linear regressions revealed significant associations between leadership style and school culture after controlling for school grade as well. The results suggest that emotional intelligence merits consideration in the development of leadership theory. Practical implications include suggestions that principals employ both transformational and transactional leadership strategies, and focus on developing their level of emotional intelligence. The associations between emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, contingent reward and school culture found in this study validate the role of the principal as the leader of school reform.

Exit of youths and feminization of smallholder livestock production–a field study in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jothilakshmi ◽  
D. Thirunavukkarasu ◽  
N. K. Sudeepkumar
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

AbstractStudies in India from the early to late 1990s found that rural youths and women played a predominant role in livestock farming. Even though many studies differ in the extent and nature of the contribution of youths and women in livestock farming, all acknowledge their roles and contribution. Livestock farming acts as a source of supplementary income to youths and women and provides increased nutritional security. New economic policies of the1990s have brought changes to the livestock farming community. This paper attempts to understand and describe the role of women and youths in livestock farming. The research methodology employed for the present study is ex post facto design, and includes semi-structured open-ended interviews, observation and conversations with key informants. The study has found that a change in the roles of women and the participation of youths in livestock farming has occurred, which could be detrimental to the well-being of rural family farmers.

scholarly journals The role of scout activities and learning environment at school toward students’ characters

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Nelly Astuti ◽  
Fadhilah Khairani ◽  
Frida Destini ◽  
Sulistyawati Sulistyawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

This study aimed to determine the role of scout extracurricular activities toward student characters, between the learning environment at school and the student characters, and between scout extracurricular activities and the learning environment at school along with students’ characters. The research adopted an ex-post-facto correlation with a total population of 112 students and 54 of them were taken as samples. Observation and questionnaires were used for data collection. Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Correlation were undertaken to analyze the collected data. Based on the analysis, the results of the study indicated that there was a relationship between scout extracurricular activities and learning environment at school toward students’ characters.

scholarly journals Profile of users receiving Speech-Language Therapy service at a Critical Patient Unit

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel del Campo Rivas ◽  
Pamela Estay Jorquera ◽  
Gabriela Valencia Rojas ◽  
Paula Muñoz Ramos ◽  
Karen Arce Rossel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Hospital ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
Intensive Medicine ◽  
Therapy Service

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the profile of patients treated by Speech-Language therapists in a Critical Patient Unit. Methods: an ex post facto, observational and descriptive study was carried out. Monthly statistical data of patients hospitalized in the period January-December 2018 were analyzed, in the Intensive Care Unit at a public hospital. Data were described from the analysis of frequency and measures of central tendency. The distribution of the variables was determined through the skewness-kurtosis test, considering a significance level of p<0.05. Results: 217 individuals got 868 speech-language therapy services. Men (57.26%), older than 65 years old, required a more frequent intervention. The main medical diagnosis of admission to the unit corresponded to non-specific pathologies (57.14%), respiratory disease (15.21%) and cerebrovascular disease (12.79%). The speech-language therapy functions were related to the evaluation of swallowing (54.31%) and voice (32.4%). In relation to the intervention, the treatment of dysphagia (25.82%) and oral motor functions (25.04%) was predominant in the duties. Functions associated with language, speech and cognition were secondary. Conclusion: the profile of the critical patient and the speech-language therapy work in this field represent a first step to characterize the role of the speech-language therapist in Intensive Medicine teams.

scholarly journals The Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers on Empowerment and Independent Smallholder Farmer in Riau Province, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Rosnita Rosnita ◽  
Roza Yulida ◽  
Novia Dewi ◽  
Arifudin Arifudin ◽  
Yulia Andriani
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Extension Program

The difference between the production and productivity of smallholders with private estates describe that the extension is still not carry out the role of extension in accordance with Act No 16 of 2006 or that known as SP3K. This will certainly have an impact on performance and memandirikan educator in empowering farmers. Performance can be seen how the extension educator preparation, implementation and evaluation and reporting on the role of counseling was run. The limited number of extension workers to meet one on one village extension will result in the workload becomes larger extension. This study aims to analyze: (1) The performance of agricultural extension; (2) The level of farmer empowerment, and (3) Independence of farmers in the cultivation of rubber and oil palm. Research methods using ex post facto, (analyze and assess the factual events that occurred on the field), with a sample of 240 farmers (120 smallholders and 120 rubber farmers from four districts in Riau province. Analysis using the Scale Likert’s Summated Rating (SLR). The results of the study illustrate that the extension has been conducting outreach with good especially in preparatory education. Activities undertaken have made quite helpless farmers, but farmers still unable to act independently plantations in doing farming oil palm and rubber. Based on our research, it is suggested extension workers to improve their performance in the extension program, for farmers to improve the quality of human resources and productive economic business for rubber and oil palm commodities, and the government should make efforts to improve the farmers’ marketing institutions to reduce the dependence of farmers on toke.

Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Christian Leuprecht
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Royal Canadian Mounted Police ◽  
Security Community ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Accountability System ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Canada contrasts distinctly with the prominence of intelligence oversight in the United States, insofar as Canada stands out for a predominately ex post facto approach to reviewing intelligence. Recent changes, however, bolstered the role of oversight in Canada’s accountability system. Previously, only three of 16 agencies that make up Canada’s intelligence and security community were reviewed by independent expert review bodies. Critics, however, argued that review should be more encompassing, lamented constraints by the Canadian intelligence accountability system that made it difficult for review bodies to cooperate and the negligible role of Parliament in holding ISAs accountable. Recent legislation created a security-cleared committee of parliamentarians to review Canada’s security and intelligence community, an agency to review activity related to national security and intelligence as well as an independent commissioner to oversee certain ministerial intelligence authorizations. The chapter reviews member organizations of the Canada’s intelligence community, the strategic environment that has informed intelligence and accountability in Canada; national security threats to Canada; as well as internal and external dynamics that culminated in changes to Canada’s intelligence accountability architecture: the Civilian Review and Complains Commission of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the National Security and Intelligence Committee of Parliamentarians, the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency, and the Intelligence Commissioner. The prospect of the NSICOP, NSIRA, and the IC strengthening compliance and general operations of Canada’s intelligence and security community will be realized by how each fulfils its broad mandate in practice and the degree of cooperation among NSIRA, NSICOP, and CRCC.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Knowledge on the Sweetpotato Cultivars Grown in the Teso Sub-Region, Uganda

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
William Faustine Epeju
Keyword(s):  
Potato Production ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Axial Coding ◽  
Selection Of

<p>The farmers’ knowledge of the cultivars to use in increasing sweetpotato productivity is critically important. A study was carried out in the Teso Sub-region to investigate the role of education in sweet potato production. Using an ex post facto design, 24 out of 51 sub-counties were purposively selected applying district-county strata and used to determine the perceptions of sweetpotato farmers and of their agricultural advisers. Through interviews, observations and questionnaires, the survey covered 288 farmers randomly selected and a whole population of 33 agricultural advisers, while 329 community leaders purposively selected and farmers randomly selected were engaged in focus group discussions. A total of 650 persons participated. Data were collected on farmers’ knowledge of sweetpotato cultivars grown capturing selected attributes. Analysis of data was done qualitatively using open and axial coding and quantitatively using means, frequencies, percentages, ANOVA and multiple regressions at a confidence level of 0.05 (?). Using selected attributes, farmers identified 139 cultivars grown. The best performing cultivar was <em>Araka </em>yielding a range of 19,001-29,000 kg/ha but was susceptible to the sweetpotato weevil and drought. <em>Araka </em>also stores poorly as dried chips or sliced. The least performing cultivars were <em>Elany ikokolak, Epaku &amp; Ocaka amani </em>with yields below 5,000 kg/ha but less susceptible. Commercialising the crop with value addition, farmers need up-scaling of their scientific knowledge of cultivars and production as basis for better multiplification &amp; selection of vines for higher yields needed in processing the crop for its several uses.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Soft Skills and Adversity Quotient on Work Readiness among Students in University

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Ferdy Jasak ◽  
Sugiharsono Sugiharsono ◽  
Sukidjo Sukidjo
Keyword(s):  
Soft Skills ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Work Readiness ◽  
State University ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Positive Effect

Quotient on the work readiness of students both partially and simultaneously. This research was an ex-post facto with a quantitative approach. The population of this study was 874 strata-1 students of the Faculty of Economics, Yogyakarta State University. The sample size was 275 students taken by using the proportional cluster random sampling technique. Data was collected by a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression.  The results  showed  that:  (1)  soft skills  and adversity quotient together had a positive and significant effect (p = 0,000), the simultaneous contribution of the two variables to job readiness by 33% and 67% was influenced by other variables not examined. (2) soft skills have a positive effect on work readiness (p = 0,000) with a contribution of 22%; (3) Adversity quotient has a positive effect on work readiness (p = 0,000) with a contribution of 11%. The results of this study can be followed up by  providing learning that emphasizes improving soft skills.

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