Settlement and Sea-Levels on the Central Coast of British Columbia: Evidence from Shell Midden Cores

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey Cannon
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Shell Midden ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

AbstractCoring of shell-midden sites provides a regional chronology of site settlement in the Namu vicinity on the central coast of British Columbia. Coring proved an accurate and cost-effective alternative to traditional test-excavation, and its application in only two short field seasons doubled the number of sites tested in this region. The dating of basal cultural deposits from the cores shows initial occupation of sites ranging from 10,000 to 800 B.P. These dates exhibit a strong linear relationship with the current elevation of deposits above average high tide, suggesting that the settlement history of known shell-midden sites in this region is strongly linked to gradual long-term decline in relative sea levels.

4. The long-term history of Europe and Asia

2018 ◽  
pp. 42-64
Author(s):  
Chris Gosden
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Steppe Ecosystem ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe

‘The long-term history of Europe and Asia’ explains how the fluctuating climatic systems between cold and warm periods provided the context in which the global expansion of our ancestors occurred. It discusses the mammoth steppe ecosystem, the relationships between plants and animals, and the introduction of tool use, language, and farming systems across Europe and east Asia. The last great global warming—shifting vegetation zones, the territories of animals, and sea levels—was one of the most challenging periods in planetary history since the evolution of Homo sapiens. Yet from this period came a mass of novel technologies, skills, and relationships that provided the basis for life.

scholarly journals Fire Exclusion Destroys Habitats for At-Risk Species in a British Columbia Protected Area

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Kira M. Hoffman ◽  
Sara B. Wickham ◽  
William S. McInnes ◽  
Brian M. Starzomski
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Conifer Encroachment ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Fire Exclusion ◽  
History Of

Fire exclusion and suppression has altered the composition and structure of Garry oak and associated ecosystems in British Columbia. The absence of frequent low severity ground fires has been one of the main contributors to dense patches of non-native grasses, shrubs, and encroaching Douglas-fir trees in historical Garry oak dominated meadows. This case study uses remote sensing and dendrochronology to reconstruct the stand dynamics and long-term fire history of a Garry oak meadow situated within Helliwell Provincial Park located on Hornby Island, British Columbia. The Garry oak habitat in Helliwell Park has decreased by 50% since 1950 due to conifer encroachment. Lower densities and mortalities of Garry oak trees were associated with the presence of overstory Douglas-fir trees. To slow conifer encroachment into the remaining Garry oak meadows, we recommend that mechanical thinning of Douglas-fir be followed by a prescribed burning program. Reintroducing fire to Garry oak ecosystems can restore and maintain populations of plants, mammals, and insects that rely on these fire resilient habitats.

scholarly journals Norwegian Design Principle for High Pressure Tunnels and Shafts: Its Applicability in the Himalaya

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Kanta Panthi
Keyword(s):  
Design Principle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pressure Tunnels And Shafts ◽  
The Himalaya

Cost effective, safe and long term sustainable hydropower development is key for the lasting economic growth in the Himalayan region. Increasing pressure towards the use of renewal and environmentally friendly energy for industrial growth and daily household use will force the Himalayan region to exploit hydropower energy more extensively. The traditionally used design approach of fully lined underground waterway system is costly and financially unfeasible as well as an obstacle to attract investment in the hydropower sector in the Himalaya. Hence, more innovative solutions are needed to make hydro generated energy more cost effective and as a sustainable energy solution in the long term. This paper briefly describes the geological set-up of Scandinavia, history of Norwegian Hydropower and reviews the design principle used to develop the underground waterway system in Norway. Brief comments are also made on the applicability of these principles in the Himalayan region. It is anticipated that more discussions will be made in the future on the geo-tectonic environment of the Himalaya and suitability of Norwegian design principle in the Himalayan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11254HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014 JanuaryPage: 36-40

23 GASTRIC BYPASS AS REVISION SURGERY FOR FAILED FUNDOPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reda Ezz
Keyword(s):  
Revision Surgery ◽  
Laparoscopic Fundoplication ◽  
Revisional Surgery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Recurrent Reflux ◽  
Failed Fundoplication ◽  
Redo Fundoplication ◽  
Bile Gastritis ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Abstract   Laparoscopic fundoplication as anti-reflux technique has emerged and widely expanded as a cost effective alternative to life-long medical treatment in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Long-term success rate ranges from 80–90% with this procedure, but side effects still exist even with experienced surgeons. Patients with a failed anti-reflux procedure are becoming a more common problem nowadays. Although most of these patients can be managed medically, still some of them will require revisional surgery. Methods We presented our experience from January 2015 to June 2019 facing cases of failed fundoplications. 59 cases with failed fundoplication requiring revision were included in the study. Redo fundoplications were decided preoperatively or intraoperatively to be difficult or unsafe to be done for these cases. Revision surgery for these cases was done using either distal gastrectomy and RY gastro-jejunostomy (22 cases) when the hiatal dissection was not feasible or unsafe due to obscure anatomy or Truncal vagotomy and RY gastro-jejunostomy (37 cases) when the hiatal dissection was easy and feasible. Results Laparoscopy was used in 49 cases and was successfully completed in 42cases (%) and 7conversion (%). Improvement of symptoms: Recurrent reflux or dysphagia was noted in 19 cases (32%) and complete disappeared in 26 cases (44%). One case had leak from the GJ and another one got hematemesis. Both cases were managed conservatively. Nine patient (15%) had bile gastritis with abdominal pain. Five patients (8.5%) complained of dumping symptoms. No mortality was recorded. Conclusion RY gastro-jejunostomy for failed fundoplications is a valid, feasible surgical option when redo fundoplication is difficult to be done or if associated with possible or expected complications.

scholarly journals Efficient routes to land conservation given risk of covenant failure

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schuster ◽  
Peter Arcese
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conservation Investment ◽  
Term Monitoring

Conservation initiatives to protect valued species communities in human-dominated landscapes face challenges linked to their potential costs. Conservation covenants on private land may represent a cost-effective alternative to land purchase, although many questions on the long-term monitoring and enforcement costs of covenants and the risk of violation or legal challenges remain unquantified. We explore the cost-effectiveness of conservation covenants, defined here as the fraction of the high-biodiversity landscape potentially protected via investment in covenants versus land purchase. We show that covenant violation and dispute rates substantially affect the estimated long-term cost-effectiveness of a covenant versus land purchase strategy. Our results suggest the long-term cost-effectiveness of conservation covenants may outperform land purchase as a strategy to protect biodiversity as long as disputes and legal challenges are low, but point to a critical need for monitoring data to reduce uncertainty and maximize conservation investment cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF PRECIPITATION AND SOIL MOVEMENT BASED ON ADINSAR

2020 ◽  
Vol V-3-2020 ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
C. H. Yang ◽  
A. Müterthies
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Hydrologic Models ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Drainage Rate ◽  
Weather Observations ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Abstract. Evaluating soil movement related to precipitation is needed for geologic and hydrologic applications. In principle, the soil body swells and shrinks depending on soil type, precipitation rate, moisture content, and drainage rate. The precipitations are normally measured at weather stations. Measuring the soil movement by using ground-based sensors and hydrologic models across a large area is costly and time-consuming. Also the weather observations were not fully involved in modelling. A long-term monitoring using remote sensing is a cost-effective alternative. For this purpose, we developed a new approach in this study to model the transformation between precipitation and soil movement. The time-series soil movement over a large area is evaluated by ADInSAR at mm/yr level. As a result, the predictive model can compute the precipitation at a location from its ADInSAR-derived movement, and vice versa. Our test using Sentinel-1 images shows that the prediction accuracy for precipitation is 14 mm (mean error rate 12%) and it amounts 12 mm/yr for soil movement. The accuracies indicate that our modelling is relevant to the reality. We also discuss the influences of different parameters on the modelling. In the future, we will proceed with tests considering other areas of interest, time spans, and image sources. More target points will be analysed in detail. Last but not least, we will work on the applications related to geology and hydrology.

scholarly journals Efficient routes to land conservation given risk of covenant failure

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schuster ◽  
Peter Arcese
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conservation Investment ◽  
Term Monitoring

Conservation initiatives to protect valued species communities in human-dominated landscapes face challenges linked to their potential costs. Conservation covenants on private land may represent a cost-effective alternative to land purchase, although many questions on the long-term monitoring and enforcement costs of covenants and the risk of violation or legal challenges remain unquantified. We explore the cost-effectiveness of conservation covenants, defined here as the fraction of the high-biodiversity landscape potentially protected via investment in covenants versus land purchase. We show that covenant violation and dispute rates substantially affect the estimated long-term cost-effectiveness of a covenant versus land purchase strategy. Our results suggest the long-term cost-effectiveness of conservation covenants may outperform land purchase as a strategy to protect biodiversity as long as disputes and legal challenges are low, but point to a critical need for monitoring data to reduce uncertainty and maximize conservation investment cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Extreme Sea Levels Changes along the Coastline of Bohai Sea, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlong Feng ◽  
Delei Li ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Qiulin Liu ◽  
Jianli Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Extreme Sea Levels ◽  
The Mean

Using hourly sea level data from four tide gauges, the changes of the extreme sea level in the Bohai Sea were analyzed in this work. Three components (i.e., mean sea level, tide and surge) as well as the tide–surge interaction were studied to find which component was important in the changes of extreme sea levels. Significant increasing trends exist in the mean sea level at four tide gauges from 1980 to 2016, and the increase rate ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 cm/year. The mean high tide levels show positive trends at four tide gauges, and the increasing rate (0.1 to 0.3 cm/year) is not small compared with the long-term trends of the mean sea levels. However, the mean tidal ranges show negative trends at Longkou, Qinhuangdao and Tanggu, with the rate from about −0.7 to −0.2 cm/year. At Qinhuangdao and Tanggu, the annual surge intensity shows explicit long-term decreasing trend. At all four tide gauges, the storm surge intensity shows distinct inter-annual variability and decadal variability. All four tide gauges show significant tide–surge interaction, the characteristics of the tide–surge interaction differ due to their locations, and no clear long-term change was found. Convincing evidence implies that the extreme sea levels increase during the past decades from 1980 to 2016 at all tide gauges, with the increasing rate differing at different percentile levels. The extreme sea level changes in the Bohai Sea are highly affected by the changes of mean sea level and high tide level, especially the latter. The surge variation contributes to the changes of extreme sea level at locations where the tide–surge interaction is relatively weak.

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