Risk of HIV Transmission Is Raised by High Viral Load, Presence of Genital Ulcers

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
D. Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Genital Ulcers

scholarly journals People with high HIV viral load within risk networks: who are these people and who refers them best?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (07.1) ◽  
pp. 103S-110S ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Korobchuk ◽  
Hayk Davtyan ◽  
Olga Denisiuk ◽  
Rony Zachariah ◽  
Georgios K Nikolopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Risk Networks ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Sex Partner

Introduction: Viral load is one of the most important determinants for HIV transmission. Identification of people with high viral load (PHVL) can be effective in limiting onward HIV transmission. In order to improve the identification of these individuals within risk networks, we determined a) the number of PHVL recruited through risk networks b) their socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical characteristics and c) the characteristics of individuals who referred these PHVL to the study. Methodology: From November 2013 to March 2016, in Odessa, Ukraine, Transmission Reduction Intervention Project (TRIP) was implemented to identify people recently infected with HIV within the risk networks of “seeds” and “venues” where they engaged in risk behaviour. Results: TRIP identified 53 PHVL, of whom 32 (60%) injected drugs; 42 (79%) were unaware of their HIV status; 25 (47%) had more than one sex partner, and only 14 (26%) were using condoms. There were 164 people who referred individuals into the study; 33 of them (20%) referred PHVL. In terms of referrers, those with lower than secondary level of education, not living with a sex partner, and reporting regular condom use were significantly more likely (p < 0.05) to refer PHVL. Most PHVL (38, 72%) and their referrers (27, 82%) were found through venues. Conclusions: In Odessa city, PHVL are at high risk of transmitting HIV as the majority inject drugs, do not know their HIV status, and have unprotected sex and/or multiple partners. Targeting these individuals for HIV prevention, harm reduction and initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is urgent.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individuals Maintaining High Viral Load as Potential Targets for the “Test-and-Treat” Approach to Reduce HIV Transmission

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. e10148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Novitsky ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Hermann Bussmann ◽  
Shahin Lockman ◽  
Marianna Baum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Hiv 1

Update in management of hepatitis B in pregnancy and prevention of mother to child hepatitis B transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naichaya Chamroonkul
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child

Even with two decades of widespread using hepatitis B vaccination, chronic hepatitis B remains a major global health problem. In Thailand, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection was down from 8 - 10% in last decade to 5% recently. Failure to control mother to child transmission is one of the important barriers to the total elimination of hepatitis B infection from world population. In the majority, vertical transmission can be prevented with a universal screening program, immunoprophylaxis by administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) for babies born to mothers with HBV. However, in mothers with a high viral load, the chance of immunoprophylaxis failure remains high. To date, there are standard recommendations by all international liver societies including AASLD, EASL and APASL suggest introducing an antiviral agent during the third trimester to CHB pregnant women with a high viral load. Previous US FDA pregnancy category B agents such as Tenofovir and Telbivudine are allowed through all trimesters of pregnancy and are effective for prevention of mother to child transmission. Breastfeeding for patients who receive antiviral agents can be allowed after a risk-benefit discussion with the patient and family.

scholarly journals Adapting the role of handheld echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic: A practical guide

Perfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026765912098653
Author(s):  
Hafiz Naderi ◽  
Shaun Robinson ◽  
Martin J Swaans ◽  
Nina Bual ◽  
Wing-See Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
First Line ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Contagious Disease ◽  
Core Dataset ◽  
Clinical Questions

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered our approach to inpatient echocardiography delivery. There is now a greater focus to address key clinical questions likely to make an immediate impact in management, particularly during the period of widespread infection. Handheld echocardiography (HHE) can be used as a first-line assessment tool, limiting scanning time and exposure to high viral load. This article describes a potential role for HHE during a pandemic. We propose a protocol with a reporting template for a focused core dataset necessary in delivering an acute echocardiography service in the setting of a highly contagious disease, minimising risk to the operator. We cover the scenarios typically encountered in the acute cardiology setting and how an expert trained echocardiography team can identify such pathologies using a limited imaging format and include cardiac presentations encountered in those patients acutely unwell with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Performance of the Innova SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid lateral flow test in the Liverpool asymptomatic testing pilot: population based cohort study

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta García-Fiñana ◽  
David M Hughes ◽  
Christopher P Cheyne ◽  
Girvan Burnside ◽  
Mark Stockbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Lateral Flow Test

Abstract Objective To assess the performance of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid lateral flow test (LFT) versus polymerase chain reaction testing in the asymptomatic general population attending testing centres. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Community LFT pilot at covid-19 testing sites in Liverpool, UK. Participants 5869 asymptomatic adults (≥18 years) voluntarily attending one of 48 testing sites during 6-29 November 2020. Interventions Participants were tested using both an Innova LFT and a quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test based on supervised self-administered swabbing at testing sites. Main outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of LFT compared with RT-qPCR in an epidemic steady state of covid-19 among adults with no classic symptoms of the disease. Results Of 5869 test results, 22 (0.4%) LFT results and 343 (5.8%) RT-qPCR results were void (that is, when the control line fails to appear within 30 minutes). Excluding the void results, the LFT versus RT-qPCR showed a sensitivity of 40.0% (95% confidence interval 28.5% to 52.4%; 28/70), specificity of 99.9% (99.8% to 99.99%; 5431/5434), positive predictive value of 90.3% (74.2% to 98.0%; 28/31), and negative predictive value of 99.2% (99.0% to 99.4%; 5431/5473). When the void samples were assumed to be negative, a sensitivity was observed for LFT of 37.8% (26.8% to 49.9%; 28/74), specificity of 99.6% (99.4% to 99.8%; 5431/5452), positive predictive value of 84.8% (68.1% to 94.9%; 28/33), and negative predictive value of 93.4% (92.7% to 94.0%; 5431/5814). The sensitivity in participants with an RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) of <18.3 (approximate viral loads >10 6 RNA copies/mL) was 90.9% (58.7% to 99.8%; 10/11), a Ct of <24.4 (>10 4 RNA copies/mL) was 69.4% (51.9% to 83.7%; 25/36), and a Ct of >24.4 (<10 4 RNA copies/mL) was 9.7% (1.9% to 23.7%; 3/34). LFT is likely to detect at least three fifths and at most 998 in every 1000 people with a positive RT-qPCR test result with high viral load. Conclusions The Innova LFT can be useful for identifying infections among adults who report no symptoms of covid-19, particularly those with high viral load who are more likely to infect others. The number of asymptomatic adults with lower Ct (indicating higher viral load) missed by LFT, although small, should be considered when using single LFT in high consequence settings. Clear and accurate communication with the public about how to interpret test results is important, given the chance of missing some cases, even at high viral loads. Further research is needed to understand how infectiousness is reflected in the viral antigen shedding detected by LFT versus the viral loads approximated by RT-qPCR.

Innovative Draping Method to Mitigate Aerosolization During Coronavirus Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Kripa Dongol ◽  
Yogesh Neupane ◽  
Dipesh Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Operative Procedure ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Additional Form

Otolaryngologists are at high risk of acquiring coronavirus because most of the procedures are aerosol generating and we have to deal with upper airways which contain high viral load. The objective of this study is to elaborate the draping technique which diminishes aerosol in the operating room. Use of a framework and a drape with customized hand insertion ports help to contain the aerosol generated during the operative procedure. The draping technique acts as an additional form of protection from aerosol along with an increase in self-confidence to the healthcare workers during this pandemic.

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