Food trade and foreign policy: India, the Soviet Union, and the United States

This chapter examines the Sino-Soviet split and its implications for the United States' policies in Asia, Europe, and the Americas during the period 1956–1964. Coordination and comity in the communist camp peaked between 1953 and 1957, but alliance between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was relatively short-lived. This was caused by ideological differences, distrust, and jealous rivalries for international leadership between Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong. The chapter explains what caused the strain in Sino-Soviet relations, and especially the collapse of Sino-Soviet military and economic cooperation. It also considers the effects of the Sino-Soviet disputes on third-party communists in Asia, China's foreign policy activism, and the catalytic effect of the Sino-Soviet split on Soviet foreign policy.

Download Full-text

Crisis

The Middle Way ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190092887.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 80-126

Author(s):

Derek Chollet

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Persian Gulf ◽

The United States ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Soviet Invasion ◽

The Arab Spring ◽

Foreign Policy Strategies

This chapter examines how Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama reacted when their foreign policy strategies were tested by crises and unexpected events. This chapter revisits Eisenhower’s aid to besieged French forces at Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam in 1954. It also discusses his handling of two crises in October 1956 over Suez and the Soviet invasion in Hungary, just days before his reelection. It examines how Bush led the United States during the critical period of 1991—with the aftermath of the first Persian Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed coup in August 1991. Finally, the chapter also analyzes how Obama approached the Arab Spring, which started in 2011, specifically focusing on his response to conflicts in Libya and Syria.

Download Full-text

India’s Proxy War in Sri Lanka

Proxy War ◽

10.11126/stanford/9781503608184.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 182-200

Author(s):

Tyrone L. Groh

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

The United States ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Proxy War ◽

The Government ◽

War Policy

This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.

Download Full-text

Playing Politics

10.5406/illinois/9780252037177.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Damion L. Thomas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

Soviet Union ◽

The United States ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Atomic Age ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Olympic Movement ◽

Policy Program

This chapter highlights the formalization of U.S. Cold War sport foreign policy. As the Soviet Union reentered the Olympic movement in 1952, sport took on heightened meaning, and became a proxy for combat in the atomic age. Thus, this chapter highlights how the two superpowers fought for athletic supremacy, as well as how the United States developed a program of international athletic goodwill tours as a means to counteract the Soviet Union's successful implementation of its own athletic foreign policy program. Sports became a crucial Cold War weapon that deployed the notions of strength and cultural, political, and economic superiority over the Soviet Union.

Download Full-text

The Soviet Union and World Peace

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500045113 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 456-474

Author(s):

N. S. Timasheff

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

International Relations ◽

The United States ◽

Mutual Understanding ◽

World Peace ◽

Soviet Government ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Post War

On the two victory days, military action on the fronts stopped. But peace did not return, nor does anyone know when it will. Peace is not simply absence of military .ction. It is a state of international relations corresponding to “periods of normalcy” in the internal affairs of a nation. Peace exists, when these relations are dominated by good will, mutual understanding and friendly cooperation.The post-war world longs for peace. But there is no peace because, among the sovereign states, there is one which acts against peace. This is the Soviet Union. Is it, however, certain that the foreign policy of the Soviets is aggressive? Is it not true that, in Moscow, aggressiveness is ascribed to the United States and to the alleged Western bloc headed by it?In March, 1946, Professor E. Tarle, an authoritative spokesman of the Soviet government, placed in opposition “the old imperialistic concept of international relations” practiced by London and Washington and “the Soviet conception which is based on respect for the rights of the peoples and their real independence.”

Download Full-text

“Bread for the People and National Security”: Soviet commercial diplomacy during the period of détente

Genesis исторические исследования ◽

10.25136/2409-868x.2021.11.34328 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 103-119

Author(s):

Dar'ya Viktorovna Yakupova ◽

Roman Aleksandrovich Yakupov

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

International Relations ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Political Stability ◽

The United States ◽

National Interests ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The People

The relevance of this research is defined by the need for analyzing the historical experience of adaptation of foreign economic activity of the Soviet State to the challenges of Western policy deterrence, the imperatives of which are being applied to Russia in the current context. The subject of this research is the Soviet grain procurement crisis and foreign policy ways for its overcoming. The object of this research is trade and diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. The scientific novelty lies in elaboration of the concept of “commercial diplomacy” – the foreign economic activity of the USSR government aimed at solution of the domestic problems and tasks of modernization. Leaning on the newly introduced sources, the conclusion is made that the policy of commercial diplomacy implemented by the Soviet Union suggested the use of international dialogue within the framework of cooperation between the governments and public-private business circles on achieving the economic goals associated with the national interests of the Soviet Union. The critical need for grain procurement, discovery of the oil resources potential, and détente in the international relations between the two superpowers led to a new round in the Soviet Union – United States relations. It is underlined that grain and oil manifested as the factor of maintaining domestic political stability and the object of foreign policy exchange. The article answers the question: how the grain procurement problem has transformed from the economic into social issue, and the grain import has become the vulnerable spot of the Soviet Union in the ideological confrontation with the United States, and the object of international relations.

Download Full-text

The Present Tragedy of America

Worldview ◽

10.1017/s0084255900011268 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 14-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hans Morgenthau

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

The United States ◽

Second World War ◽

Hungarian Revolution ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Soviet Foreign Policy ◽

Moral Crisis ◽

Second World

It is, of course, trivial to say that the foreign policy of the United States is not only in a political and military crisis — and financial crisis you might add — but also in a moral crisis. This moral crisis has particular significance for the United States. Take, by way of contrast, the moral crises through which Soviet foreign policy has passed since the end of the second world war. Take, for instance, the moral crisis which it faced in consequence of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the moral crisis it is still facing by virtue of its invasion of Czechoslovakia last year. Obviously those crises considerably decreased the prestige and influence of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union has emerged from tbose crises as something different from what it was before. For the Soviet Union today can no longer claim to be the fatherland of socialism, the disinterested vanguard of the international proletariat.

Download Full-text

The Origin and Evolution of Revisionism

Contesting Revisionism ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197580295.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 31-71

Author(s):

Steve Chan ◽

Huiyun Feng ◽

Kai He ◽

Weixing Hu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Soviet Union ◽

The United States ◽

Nazi Germany ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Policy Orientation ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Imperial Japan ◽

The Cold War

As its title suggests, this chapter discusses the sources of revisionism and the various conditions that influence its development. It introduces historical cases such as Wilhelmine and Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union during the Cold War and contemporary Russia, imperial Japan between the 1880s and 1940s, the United States during its years of ascendance and today, and China during the Maoist years and since its reform under Deng Xiaoping. Whether a state becomes revisionist is not in its genes but is in part dependent on how it perceives its treatment in the hands of other established countries. States’ domestic and foreign circumstances interact to shape their foreign policy orientation.

Download Full-text