International Atomic Policy during a Decade: An historical-political investigation into the problem of atomic weapons during the period 1945–55

1957 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
P. M. S. Blackett
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Weapons

Nuclear Guarantees and Nonproliferation

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The United Kingdom

On March 5, 1970, the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) went into effect, having been ratified by 47 states including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The treaty legally bars these three nuclear powers from transferring atomic weapons to nonnuclear states and formally pledges those nonnuclear states signing the treaty to refrain from developing such weapons or acquiring them from other powers. It thus caps a long effort by the United States to inhibit—so long as it could not preclude—the spread of nuclear weapons and to avoid the potential instabilities associated with that spread.

Soviet Atomic Blackmail and the North Atlantic Alliance

1957 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Speier
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Future War ◽  
The Cold War

The uncertainty about whether atomic weapons will be used in future war, whether local or general, lends itself to political exploitation in the cold war. The efficiency of nuclear weapons in wartime, and their resulting threat-value in either war- or peacetime, constitute their political-military worth. In peacetime, the threat-value of weapons can be exploited in many ways: by an ultimatum, by authoritative or inspired statements on capabilities or intentions, by studied disclosures of new weapons at ceremonial occasions, by means of maneuvers, redeployments of forces, or by so-called demonstrations.

scholarly journals The Role of Nuclear Weapons in NATO’s Early Cold War Strategies (1949–1957)

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Petra Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Factors

Since August 1945 atomic weapons have become significant factors in international relations, every state with great ambitions has aspired to get atomic secrets. The primary goal of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) created in 1949 was – possessing the United States’, a nuclear power’s, security guarantee – to deter the Soviet agression. The first strategic documents of the Alliance were written with this very purpose. However, in the 1950s there was a shift in the allied nations’ policies, which influenced NATO’s strategic thinking as well, so in 1957 a real different strategic concept was adopted. Gaining technological superiority became the most important goal, which led to development and intense production of nuclear weapons. This article examines the emerging role of nuclear weapons and the changing strategy of the Alliance between 1949 and 1957.

A NIGHTMARE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
David Lilienthal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Technological Knowledge ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
New Era ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Two Sides

We are entering a whole new era of life . . . there are two sides to technological knowledge—good and evil . . . I'm concerned about the extraordinary power of [atomic] weapons and the strain they impose on humanity . . . when it comes to this deadly technology, we follow people who are mad, because people who are sane and understand the democratic process haven't taken charge. . . . The first part of the "Atoms for Peace" was great . . . there was an exchange of information about the medical use of isotopes, the agricultural use of tracers, the physical properties of matter . . . then they started sending things—devices, fuels—instead of ideas, and these became a major export . . .—it's a nightmare.

Introduction and Related Research

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Graf
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Manhattan Project ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Los Alamos ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All

Plutonium occurs throughout the earth’s environmental systems, though usually in quantities so small that they are barely detectable. Because this artificial element is so toxic, it is necessary to identify those few locations where the concentrations are likely to be the highest. Because almost all plutonium released into the environment is ultimately attached to soil and sediment particles, the behavior of constantly changing natural transport systems such as water and sediment flows provide the key to understanding the ultimate geographic disposition of the element. The general purpose of the work discussed in this book is to explain the distribution of plutonium in the Northern Rio Grande system of northern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado by forging a link among the available data and general principles of environmental sciences such as hydrology, geomorphology, and radioecology. Between 1945 and 1952, Los Alamos National Laboratory handled large amounts of plutonium as part of the Manhattan Project (the effort to construct the first atomic weapons) and as part of the weapons programs related to the early years of the cold war. During this time, the laboratory emptied untreated plutonium waste into the alluvium of Los Alamos Canyon. After 1952, the laboratory released relatively small amounts of treated plutonium waste. Although the vertical movement of plutonium through the alluvial materials has been largely limited to the upper 10 m,4 the horizontal movement of the contaminants has had much larger dimensions. The plutonium was adsorbed onto sedimentary particles, and so the fate of those sediments is also the fate of the plutonium. Natural processes of erosion have resulted in substantial movement of contaminated sediments through the canyons. Research during the 1960s and early 1970s showed that since the war years, surface flows within the laboratory’s boundaries had redistributed at least some of plutonium. Laboratory researchers later estimated that fluvial (river-related) processes in Los Alamos Canyon had probably removed significant quantities from the laboratory area by carrying the plutonium into the Rio Grande. They predicted that early in the twenty-first century almost all of the plutonium would have been emptied from Los Alamos Canyon into the Rio Grande.

Char, René (1907–1988)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Bermann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Maurice Blanchot ◽  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
World War ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Pierre Boulez ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Town

The French poet René Char exemplified key aspects of modernism. Initially associated with Surrealism, he collaborated with poets such as André Breton and Paul Eluard, and painters such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Nicolas de Stael. Later, during World War II, he led a Resistance unit in the Maquis, winning renown as ‘Capitaine Alexandre’. During this period he continued to write, though he refused to publish until the war was won. In 1946, Char’s wartime journal, Leaves of Hypnos, appeared, soon followed by his major collection, Fury and Mystery. Acclaimed for both, he went on to complete some of his best known work in the 1950s and 1960s while engaging with numerous artists and the musician Pierre Boulez. He wrote widely, from poetry of striking concreteness and metaphysical reach, to political tracts against the introduction of atomic weapons in Provence. There he lived until his death in 1988, meeting with friends such as Albert Camus, Maurice Blanchot, Martin Heidegger, and Paul Veyne. Char was born in the town of L’Isle sur la Sorgue, near Avignon, in southern France. His early poetry developed a compressed, irreverent style that explored contrasting themes, often of agony and love.

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