International Trade and Commercial Policy

1957 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-480
Author(s):  
H. C. Hillmann
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Commercial Policy

The Greek “Society for the Freedoms of Trade” (1865–67): Rise, Activities, Decline

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-398
Author(s):  
Michalis Psalidopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
National Economic Policy

The 150th celebration of the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was a major stimulus for new publications on the issue of free trade versus protection, a question that dominated economic policy agendas all over Europe in the nineteenth century. Original texts dating from that period were again made public (Kadish 1996, Schonhardt-Bailey 1997), the works of Richard Cobden became available (Cain 1995), and Douglas A. Irwin's book (1996) and Anthony Howe's treatise (1997) can be seen as the “cosmopolitan” answers to older (Semmel 1970) and contemporary (Magnusson 1994 and Wendler 1996) defenses of a “national” economic policy. This literature, however, as well as conferences on the reception of free trade (Marrison 1998), concentrated on the commercial policy of the most economically advanced nations, leaving completely out of scope discussions, debates and economic policy dilemmas related to international trade in other, less-developed countries.

Evolution of International Commercial Policy over the Decades and the Plight of the Developing Countries

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-393
Author(s):  
S. Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The One

This article has been developed not only as a chronicle of events in the field of international commercial policy but also as development of the thinking of the international community. It carefully records important developments in the GATT, UNCTAD and the UN General Assembly. There is, however, one aspect of the question, which it does not deal with, viz., the international trade policy followed by the soCialist countries of Eastern Europe. This subject requires separate treatment, as the economic system followed by these countries is different from the one followed by the developed market economy countries.

General Agreement on Trariffs and Trade

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-517
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New Records ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
A Value ◽  
Recent Developments

The fourth annual report prepared for the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was divided into three sections, dealing respectively with 1) recent developments in the structure and pattern of international trade, 2) developments in commercial policy, and 3) the principal activities of the Contracting Parties during the period under review. International trade during 1955, the report stated, had established new records both in value and in volume; in the first half of the year, the value of world exports had exceeded $80,000 million (at an annual rate), and in the second half it rose by a further $5,700 million, thus reaching a value about 13 percent above that of 1951. Taking the year as a whole, the value of world exports had been about $83,300 million. In terms of volume, the increase had been even greater, since export prices had been appreciably below the level of 1951, and in the second half of 1955 the volume of world exports had reached a level exceeding that of 1951 by 21 percent. The increase in volume had also represented a further acceleration in the speed of its growth. There had been three major developments in international trade in 1955, the report stated: 1) the rise in value of world exports in 1955 again had been mainly accounted for by trade among industrial countries, while the relative importance of the non-industrial areas had continued to decline; 2) the increase in the export trade of the industrial countries in 1955 had been shared by North America and by the other industrial areas, the revival of North America's exports being due largely to a growing dependence of western Europe on supplies of raw material and fuels from that source; and 3) in 1955, many industrial countries had relied more heavily on imports from the most economic sources of supply, and had therefore adopted more liberal import policies.

International Trade and Commercial Policy

1947 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
B. U. Ratchford ◽  
Lawrence W. Towle
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Commercial Policy

International Trade and Commercial Policy

1948 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Grace Beckett ◽  
L. W. Towle ◽  
C. J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Commercial Policy

scholarly journals The customs adopted in the treaties concluded between the Mamluk sultans and the Venetian doges (13th-15th centuries)

Chronos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 137-163
Author(s):  
PIERRE MOUKARZEL
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Social Existence ◽  
Commercial Exchange ◽  
Diplomatic Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Venice's economic and diplomatic relationship with the Mamluk sultanate dated back to the thirteenth century. It became the Mamluk's main and favorite European trading partner during the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. As international trade grew and commercial exchange intensified, Venice concluded treaties with the sultans and obtained privileges for its nationals. These privileges were at least equal and often superior to those adopted in trade among European merchant cities. The Venetian privileges in Egypt and Syria did not mean an agreement between two States, but a concession made by the sultan for a group of foreign traders living on his territories. This concession protected them as far as it recognized them legally, not only granted the protection, but especially gave a legal and social existence to the traders. Regular negotiations became established and embassies were sent to Cairo to protect a climate of good agreement indispensable to the realization of fruitful exchanges between Venice and the East. If the claims of the Venetians did not stop from the thirteenth till the fifteenth centuries and occupied the largest part of treaties with the sultans, it was because they constituted means to exercise a certain pressure on the sultan and to oppose to his commercial policy.

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