Price Competition vs. Quantity Competition: The Role of Uncertainty

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Klemperer ◽  
Margaret Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Quantity Competition

scholarly journals The complex assessment of official web-sites of medical organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
O. V. Khodakova ◽  
Yuliya V. Evstaf’Eva
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
The Given ◽  
System Reformation

The patient is a principal part in market relationships in conditions of health care system reformation. The patient is a consumer of medical services provided with set of rights, including right to choice of medical organization and right to choice ofphysician. The implementation of the given rights is possible only in conditions of competition at medical services market. So, in present situation, maintenance and getting involvedflow of patients are actual tasks raised before medical organizations. At the present stage, the official Internet web-site of medical organization play the role of one of tools of non-price competition at the market of medical services. The availability of official web-site with information in concordance with approved requirements to its content and form of presentation is a commitment of medical organizations of all organizational and legal forms fixed at the legislative level. The main purpose of web-site is to support awareness ofpatients concerning all issues related to medical services receiving, including choice of medical organization. The openness and accessibility of information to patient is a criterion of quality of web-site of medical organization. The purpose of study is to evaluate content, informativeness, accessibility and practical significance of official web-sites of medical organizations. The article presents the results of complex studying of web-sites of medical organizations including comparative analysis of official web-sites of medical organizations of state and non-state forms ofproperty, sociological assessment of structural stuffing of official web-sites of medical organizations as a tool of informing population about medical care, expertise evaluation of informativeness, accessibility and functionality of official web-sites of medical organizations.

scholarly journals Firm - union objectives in a strategic context

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Στέφανος Μαμάκης
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Quantity Competition ◽  
Strategic Context ◽  
Firm Union

Η παρούσα διατριβή εντάσσεται στο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο των Οικονομικών της Εργασίας, χρησιμοποιώντας αναλυτικά εργαλεία από την Βιομηχανική Οργάνωση και την Θεωρία Παιγνίων. Θεματικά, διακρίνεται σε 3 διαφορετικά κεφάλαια: Κεφάλαιο 1ο: Union-Oligopoly Bargaining and Foreign Direct Investments (F.D.I.)Σε ένα παίγνιο 5 σταδίων αναλύουμε ένα δυοπώλιο με ανταγωνισμό a la Cournot, όπου η τοπική επιχείρηση παράγει και διαθέτει το προϊόν της αποκλειστικά στην εγχώρια αγορά, ενώ η πολυεθνική ανταγωνίζεται είτε μέσω διεθνούς εμπορίου, είτε υλοποιώντας ΑΞΕ στην χώρα υποδοχής. Η έρευνα εστιάζεται στο κατά πόσο οι δομές οργάνωσης των εργατικών ενώσεων (αποκεντρωμένες ή κεντρικές) μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως στρατηγικό εργαλείο υποδοχής Άμεσων Ξένων Επενδύσεων καθώς και στην ανάδειξη των στρατηγικών επιλογών των οικονομικών μονάδων σε σχέση με τους αντικειμενικούς τους σκοπούς. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αποκαλύπτουν ότι το θεσμικό πλαίσιο οργάνωσης των εργατικών ενώσεων κατά τις συλλογικές διαπραγματεύσεις μπορεί ενίοτε – και κάτω από συγκεκριμένες προϋποθέσεις – να λειτουργήσει ως εργαλείο πολιτικής, προσελκύοντας ή αποτρέποντας ΑΞΕ. Κεφάλαιο 2ο: Union Oligopoly Bargaining and Undeclared Labour Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό εξετάζεται η φύση της αδήλωτης εργασίας και οι επιπτώσεις της στην αγορά και την κοινωνική ευημερία. Η όλη ιδέα στηρίζεται στο κόστος ευκαιρίας που υπάρχει μεταξύ φορολόγησης και εισφορών κοινωνικής ασφάλισης όταν χρησιμοποιείται αδήλωτη εργασία.Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει διαφορετικές διαστάσεις της αγοράς (εξωγενής μισθός, αποκεντρωμένες συλλογικές διαπραγματεύσεις, ατομικές διαπραγματεύσεις, προοδευτική και αναλογική φορολόγηση επιχειρήσεων και εργαζομένων, άμεση και έμμεση φορολόγηση κ.α.) σε διαφορετικά αναλυτικά εργαλεία (μεγιστοποιητικά υποδείγματα Ι/Ο, μοντέλο αναφοράς, ανάλυση σε αμιγείς στρατηγικές).Τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας υποδεικνύουν ότι η αναλογία μεταξύ φορολογικού συντελεστή και ποσοστού εισφορών κοινωνικής ασφάλισης μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως στρατηγικό εργαλείο ενδογενούς εσωτερικής πειθαρχίας επιχειρήσεων και εργαζομένων, ώστε να εξαλειφθεί το φαινόμενο της αδήλωτης εργασίας. Ακόμα, προτείνονται μέτρα πολιτικής ενώ παράλληλα διερευνώνται οι ισορροπίες κατά Nash και οι περιπτώσεις απόκλισης από αυτές. Κεφάλαιο 3ο: Efficiency of Price Competition Versus Quantity Competition in Unionized OligopolyΣε ένα υπόδειγμα δυοπωλίου με αποκεντρωμένες διαπραγματεύσεις μισθών, διερευνάται εάν είναι εφικτό η ατζέντα των συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων να περιλαμβάνει - εκτός των μισθών - και την απασχόληση και κατά πόσο επηρεάζεται από τον τύπο του ανταγωνισμού. Ακόμα, αντικείμενο έρευνας αποτέλεσε και η ανάδειξη της περισσότερο κοινωνικά αποτελεσματικής ατζέντας συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων ανά τύπο ανταγωνισμού. Τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας δείχνουν ότι όταν οι επιχειρήσεις ανταγωνίζονται στις τιμές, η ατζέντα διαπραγματεύσεων για κάθε ζεύγος επιχείρησης και εργατικής ένωσης στην τελική ισορροπία θα αφορά μόνο τους μισθούς. Εάν ανταγωνίζονται στις ποσότητες, και με την προϋπόθεση ότι η διαπραγματευτική δύναμη των εργατικών ενώσεων είναι αρκετά χαμηλή, τότε προκύπτει ότι η ατζέντα διαπραγματεύσεων θα περιλαμβάνει εκτός από τον μισθό και την απασχόληση για τουλάχιστον ένα ζεύγος επιχείρησης και εργατικής ένωσης. Τέλος, η ανάλυση υποδεικνύει ότι ο ανταγωνισμός στις ποσότητες μπορεί να αποδειχθεί πιο αποτελεσματικός από αυτόν στις τιμές.

Endogenous Timing in Vertically-Related Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Ren Din ◽  
Chia-Hung Sun
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endogenous Timing ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Quantity Competition ◽  
Sequential Game ◽  
Product Substitutability

Abstract This paper investigates the theory of endogenous timing by taking into account a vertically-related market where an integrated firm competes with a downstream firm. Contrary to the standard results in the literature, we find that both firms play a sequential game in quantity competition and play a simultaneous game in price competition. Under mixed quantity-price competition, the firm choosing a price strategy moves first and the other firm choosing a quantity strategy moves later in equilibrium. Given that the timing of choosing actions is determined endogenously, aggregate profit (consumer surplus) is higher (lower) under price competition than under quantity competition. Lastly, social welfare is higher under quantity competition than under price competition when the degree of product substitutability is relatively low.

Static Efficiency of Compulsory Licensing: The Role of Limit Pricing

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Franco Cugno ◽  
Elisabetta Ottoz
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Limit Pricing ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Static Efficiency ◽  
Innovative Firm

A common argument against compulsory licensing of intellectual property maintains that it facilitates the entry of inefficient producers, which may reduce social welfare independently of any effects on R&D incentives. We study the issue in a model where the innovative firm, under the threat of compulsory licensing, reacts strategically by choosing between quantity and price competition. We show that the risk of a reduction in static welfare due to the entry of highly inefficient firms is avoided if licensing entails a royalty per unit of output and no fixed fees. The rationale behind this result lies in the fact that compulsory licensing threat works as a disciplining device to improve static social welfare, even when the applicant is a high cost inefficient firm. JEL codes: KOO, L49, 034.

Customer reciprocity in greening: the role of service quality

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarati Basu ◽  
Kamalika Chakraborty ◽  
Shabana Mitra ◽  
Nishant Kumar Verma
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Operational Processes

Purpose Firms are increasingly making customers key stakeholders in their greening processes, requiring them to voluntarily use their resources to benefit the firm. In this context, this paper develops a new construct – tangible customer citizenship behaviour (CCB), i.e. voluntary participation of customer in operational processes of the company beyond normal requirements of exchange. This requires more involvement than the already documented intangible CCB. The purpose of the paper is to then explore whether service quality (SQ) (online and offline) influences such voluntary customer reciprocity in greening. Design/methodology/approach This study used a virtual survey among 400 customers of e-commerce firms that have adopted greening practices requiring customer engagement and regressions were used to test the hypotheses. Findings The authors find that both online and offline SQ positively impact intangible CCB but have no impact on customer greening reciprocity (tangible CCB). Additionally, the authors find that offline SQ positively impacts customer greening awareness. However, in spite of the presence of greening awareness and display of intangible CCB, SQ does not have any impact on greening reciprocity. Originality/value This study introduces to literature a more tangible form of voluntary behaviour on the part of the customer, i.e. tangible CCB or reciprocity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is also one of the first to study the customer as an important stakeholder and participant in a business-to-consumer firm’s operating processes, particularly in greening which has no direct impact on the firm’s core offering. The focus on greening in the Indian context is also novel given the greening costs and requirements and the price competition are very different in emerging market contexts where e-commerce firms are experiencing the maximum growth.

Struttura competitiva dopo la crisi Alitalia: il caso dela tratta Milano-Roma

2009 ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Giovanna Campopiano ◽  
Josip Kotlar ◽  
Andrea Salanti
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Real Price

Air travel routes and high speed rail connection between Milan and Rome after the Alitalia crisis This paper analyses the first available data about changes in passenger traffic and air/rail fares after the Alitalia crisis and the substantial reduction of the travel time between Milan and Rome, due to the improvement of high speed rail on this connection. As recently happened in similar cases within Europe, the rail has gained a significant share of traffic previously attracted by air transport services. Apart from that, a real price competition is prevented by a number of inefficiencies which are mainly due to the monopolistic position of the new Alitalia on the route Milan Linate-Rome Fiumicino and problems of accessibility affecting our airports, and partly our rail stations too. The role of the various authorities potentially involved is burdened, in the last instance, by infrastructural deficiencies.

Price Competition: The Role of Gender and Education

2004 ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dufwenberg ◽  
Uri Gneezy ◽  
Aldo Rustichini
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Gender And Education

Exploring Trust Building Mechanisms in Global B2B Electronic Markets

2006 ◽  
pp. 59-73
Author(s):  
Ana Rosa del Aguila-Obra ◽  
Antonio Padilla-Melendez
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Electronic Markets ◽  
Trust Building ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Business To Business ◽  
Organizational Cooperation ◽  
Role Of Information

There have been numerous studies about business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce and market structure, most of them analyzing the relationships between buyers and sellers and the role of intermediaries. This research is based mainly on earlier papers about the role of information technology (IT) and electronic communications networks in the companies’ relationships. The use of these computerized inter-organizational networks leads to lower transaction costs, which encourages the development of electronic markets, where there is a severe price competition and greater buyer choice. In this chapter, we analyze the development of global B2B electronic markets and if these markets are becoming a way of improving trust between organizations at an international level, increasing, therefore, the inter-organizational cooperation among them. Based on the literature review and on the analysis of some global electronic markets, we define and describe these platforms, stressing the strategic role of each of the principal participating actors. Furthermore, we propose a model to explain the trust-related sources of competitive advantage for the new intermediaries in electronic markets and compare those with the off-line market’s characteristics. In addition, some propositions related with the trust-building mechanisms are defined.

scholarly journals Equilibrium Further Studied for Combined System of Cournot and Bertrand: A Differential Approach

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Bingyuan Gao ◽  
Yueping Du
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Cournot Model ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Quantity Competition ◽  
Bertrand Model ◽  
The Stability

In general, quantity competition and price competition exist simultaneously in a dynamic economy system. Whether it is quantity competition or price competition, when there are more than three companies in one market, the equilibrium points will become chaotic and are very difficult to be derived. This paper considers generally dynamic equilibrium points of combination of the Bertrand model and Cournot model. We analyze general equilibrium points of the Bertrand model and Cournot model, respectively. A general equilibrium point of the combination of the Cournot model and Bertrand model is further investigated in two cases. The theory of spatial agglomeration and intermediate value theorem are introduced. In addition, the stability of equilibrium points is further illustrated on celestial bodies motion. The results show that at least a general equilibrium point exists in combination of Cournot and Bertrand. Numerical simulations are given to support the research results.

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