Insurable Interest, Options to Convert, and Demand for Upper Limits in Optimum Property Insurance

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod Garratt ◽  
John M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Property Insurance ◽  
Insurable Interest ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Optimum Property

Vitamin-A-Exzess durch Pferdefleischprodukte mit hohen Leberanteilen

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
E. Kienzle ◽  
N. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Eine Analyse ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Upper Limits

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen einer Eliminationsdiät wird regelmäßig Pferdefleisch eingesetzt. Aus Gründen der Praktikabilität verwenden Tierbesitzer häufig kommerziell erhältliches Pferdefleisch aus der Dose. Aufgrund eines Berichts von Zervikalspondylosen bei einer auf Futtermittel allergischen Katze erfolgte eine Analyse verschiedener auf Pferdefleisch basierender Produkte hinsichtlich des Vitamin-AGehalts.In 14 Pferdefleischerzeugnissen wurde der Vitamin-A-Gehalt (Retinol) analysiert. Der Gehalt an umsetzbarer Energie wurde mithilfe von Schätzformeln auf Basis der Deklaration berechnet.In Produkten mit deklarierten Anteilen von Leber, Innereien oder tierischen Nebenprodukten konnten zum Teil erhebliche Vitamin-A-Gehalte festgestellt werden. Bei alleiniger Verfütterung eines dieser Produkte (Deckung des durchschnittlichen Energiebedarfs) würde die Vitamin-A-Versorgung nur knapp unter dem Safe Upper Limit der Katze sowie oberhalb des Safe Upper Limits beim Hund liegen.Bei All-Meat-Produkten sollte nicht nur die Deklaration, sondern auch der Inhalt näher betrachtet werden, um einen Hinweis auf eventuell hohe Leberanteile zu erhalten.Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ist eine exzessive Vitamin-A-Aufnahme bei langfristiger Verfütterung von Pferdefleischprodukten mit hohen Leberanteilen nicht auszuschließen.

Blockchain technologies and their application in governmentadministration

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
Myroslav Kosіak ◽  
Inna Kosіak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Property Insurance ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
State Management ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Methods Analytical

The purpose of the article. The article considers the Blockchain technology asan innovative tool. In particular, the essence and background of the developmentof blocks, the principles and specifics of the functioning of the system, as well asthe scheme of its work, are determined. The article presents the prospects forusingdistributed registry technologies (blockchain) in various socioeconomic spheresrelated to state administration. Provided examples and forecasts of the use ofblockchain technologies in the provision of state and municipal services forindividuals and legal entities in the following areas: formation of a unified registercontaining the history of the placement of the state, municipal order, as well asprocurement of corporations with state participation and / or control; registers ofdocuments (diplomas, certificates, lost and disavowed passports, policies for movableand immovable property insurance, health, etc.); database of court decisions andexecutive proceedings; public participation portals for citizens of Ukraine district- city – country. The fact that the blockchain technology is, first of all, theprinciples, and not the only possible way of implementing them, allows us to counton maximum openness and multivariate application in a dynamically changingchanging«digital world». Methodology. The research methodology is to use a combinationof methods: analytical, historical, comparative. The scientific novelty. The priorityof state blockchain systems introduction in stationary and distant voting, distributeddocument circulation, medical data registration, land resources registration,electronic auctions (auctions) in Ukraine was grounded. Conclusions. Already today,blockchain systems can change the role and participation of citizens in the conductof the state-management process, by raising the responsibility level, from thetransparent will expression in the elections to regulating the government serviceactivity in the society’s digitization conditions. The main advantages blockchainsystems using by public authorities that will increase the level of citizens trust todigital technologies using in general, namely: reliability and reliability of datastorage, transparency of transactions and virtually absolute protection of informationfrom distortion and unauthorized removal (relocation), are determined. In furtherscientific research it is proposed to consider the promising areas of the blockchaindigital technology usage: service activities of public authorities, legal proceedings,property rights management, implementation of migration control, verification ofgoods and services, registration of data on passing qualifying tests, patenting,intellectual property, digital identification, logistics , taxation, accounting ofbudget funds movement.

SUBROGATION IN INSURANCE CONTRACT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-1991
Author(s):  
Tatjana Dimov
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Property Insurance ◽  
Insured Person ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Insured Loss ◽  
Injured Party ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insurance Agreement ◽  
Responsible Person

Subrogation is a legal right characteristically reserved by property insurers. Subrogation occurs in property insurance and in some particular cases of liability insurance. The doctrine of subrogation operates to ensure protection of certain specific principles relevant to the property insurance including the principle of indemnification whereby the compensation received is no more and no less than a full indemnity for the insured loss or damage suffered by the insured due to loss occurrence, the principle of non-cumulation in terms of claims under the same insurance contract and the principle which excludes claiming indemnity from the person who is legally responsible for causing the loss, because otherwise the insurance contract may be an unjustified source of profit for the insured as the insured would get double recovery or paid out twice for the same claim.With the payment of the reimbursement from an insurance agreement on the insurer, all rights that the insured has towards the persons responsible for the damage up to the amount of the paid compensation are transferred. With the subrogation, the insurer takes up the legal position of the insured person and exercises his right to subrogation from the rights of the insured (derivative acquisition of the right), so that the insurer exceeds the claims in scope and amount as the insured had towards the perpetrator.Subrogation is the right of the insurer, it is not his obligation. The insurer is not obliged to use this right to transfer the rights to the responsible person.The notion of subrogation is often associated with the concept of insurance regression. But there is a difference between these two terms: recourse is the right of the insurer to claim the amount of compensation that he has paid to the insured (injured parties) from the harmful person, while subrogation is the transfer of the right (the claim for damages to the responsible person) from the insured to the insurer up to the amount of the compensation paid on the basis of an insurance contract. The right to recourse is a consequence of the existence of subrogation, i.e. transfer of the rights of the insured person to the responsible person, and which is reached by the law itself.Тhe subrogation doctrine also operates to ensure that the defendant or the person who is legally responsible for the loss shall not be absolved of liability under the civil law. Namely, the perpetrator should bear the consequences of his liability for the caused damage, and therefore the legislator of the insurer (as one of the contractual parties in insurance contract) has recognized the right what he has paid the injured party (as the contractual party in the insurance contract called the insured) to calm from the perpetrator.Furthermore, subrogation doctrine operates to ensure profit for the insurance companies whereby the reimbursement funds the claims or sum insured are covered from additionally grow; therefore, this doctrine is of great importance to the insurers.

scholarly journals Average fractional polarization of extragalactic sources at Planck frequencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. A29 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Trombetti ◽  
C. Burigana ◽  
G. De Zotti ◽  
V. Galluzzi ◽  
M. Massardi
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Residual Noise ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Dusty Galaxies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Polarization Fraction

Recent detailed simulations have shown that an insufficiently accurate characterization of the contamination of unresolved polarized extragalactic sources can seriously bias measurements of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum if the tensor-to-scalar ratio r ∼ 0.001, as predicted by models currently of special interest (e.g., Starobinsky’s R2 and Higgs inflation). This has motivated a reanalysis of the median polarization fraction of extragalactic sources (radio-loud AGNs and dusty galaxies) using data from the Planck polarization maps. Our approach, exploiting the intensity distribution analysis, mitigates or overcomes the most delicate aspects of earlier analyses based on stacking techniques. By means of simulations, we have shown that the residual noise bias on the median polarization fraction, Πmedian, of extragalactic sources is generally ≲0.1%. For radio sources, we have found Πmedian ≃ 2.83%, with no significant dependence on either frequency or flux density, in good agreement with the earlier estimate and with high-sensitivity measurements in the frequency range 5–40 GHz. No polarization signal is detected in the case of dusty galaxies, implying 90% confidence upper limits of Πdusty ≲ 2.2% at 353 GHz and of ≲3.9% at 217 GHz. The contamination of CMB polarization maps by unresolved point sources is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document