Calculation of Chi-Square to Test the No Three-Factor Interaction Hypothesis

Objective : The purpose of this study is to compare the detected number of holes on a stepwedge on images resulting from the application of the 5th degree polynomial model compared to the images resulting from the application of linear enhancement. Material and Methods : A 10-step aluminum step wedge with holes randomly drilled on each step was exposed with three different kVp and five exposure times per kVp on a Schick33® sensor. The images were enhanced by brightness/contrast adjustment, histogram equalization and with the 5th degree polynomial model and compared to the original non-enhanced images by six observers in two separate readings. Results : There was no significant difference between the readers and between the first and second reading. There was a significant three-factor interaction among Method, Exposure time, and kVp in detecting holes. The overall pattern was: “Poly” results in the highest counts, “Original” in the lowest counts, with “B/C” and “Equalized” intermediate. Conclusion : The 5th degree polynomial model showed more holes when compared to the other modalities.

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Increasing Visitor Engagement during Interpretive Walking Tours

Journal of Interpretation Research ◽

10.1177/109258721802300203 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 31-48

Author(s):

David Douglas ◽

Gary Ellis ◽

Andrew Lacanienta

Keyword(s):

Interaction Effect ◽

Question Type ◽

Living History ◽

First Person ◽

Walking Tour ◽

Heritage Site ◽

Third Person ◽

Factor Interaction ◽

Three Factor ◽

Walking Tours

This study examined the effect of living-history interpretation (i.e., first-person, third-person, no living history) and question type (i.e., relevant, dissonant, customary) on engagement of visitors during walking tours at a heritage site. One hundred seventy-six visitors participated in the study. Visitors completed a measure of engagement immediately following each of six stops during the walking tour. A measure of guest familiarity of the context of the site was also taken. Results from linear mixed-modeling revealed a three-factor interaction effect, familiarity by question type by living-history interpretation. Engagement of visitors is impacted by guest familiarity with the context, the living-history interpretation type, and the question type posed. Results might guide interpretation professionals in customizing interpretation experiences to stage more engaging interpretation experiences.

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Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Irrigation Water Salinity: II. Effect on Ion Concentration and Protein Content

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] ◽

10.24200/jams.vol6iss0pp33-40 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

S. K. Nadaf ◽

S. A. AI-Khamisi ◽

A. H. AI-Lawati ◽

O. A. Sidahmed

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Local Cultivar ◽

High K ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Factor Interaction ◽

Three Factor

Thirteen salt tolerant wheat genotypes along with a local cultivar, WQS 160, were investigated for their response to five levels of irrigation water salinity viz. Control (2 dSm-1). 4, 8, 12 and 16 dSm-1 consecutively during two winter seasons. The results indieated that the effects of year, salinity, genotypes and their interactions were highly significant with respect to K+, Cl-, K+/Na+ ratio and protein. All the ANOVA components except three factor interaction viz. year it salinity x genotypes were highly significant for Na+ while all these components were not significant for P. There was strong and signifieant positive correlation of salinity with Na” (+0.722** and +0661**) in both years while the associations were equally strong and significant but negative between salinity and P (-0.159* and 0.234**), K* 0.521** and 0.633**) and K+/Na+(- 00.816**and 0.654**). The negative correlations of protein 00.146**) and Cl- (-0.277**) with salinity were significant only during Year 2 and Year 2, respectively. Differential nature of accumulation of different ions and protein at varying levels of salinity was found among the genotypes. The genotypes Sakha-69 and Sids-9 were assessed to be tolerant based on high K+, low Na+and Cl-, and high K+/Na+ ratio.

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