scholarly journals The Impact of Federal Civil Rights Policy on Black Economic Progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

ILR Review ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Y. Chay
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Black Economic ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Federal Civil Rights Policy on Black Economic Progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

ILR Review ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Y. Chay
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Current Population Survey Data ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Relative Gains ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972 extended civil rights coverage to employers with 15–24 employees, while leaving unaffected the civil rights protection for employees of larger firms. In conjunction with pre-existing state fair employment practice (FEP) laws, the EEOA provides a “natural experiment” in which the treatment and control groups are defined by differences across industries in the fraction of workers employed in the newly covered establishments and across states in the scope of the FEP laws. Applying the treatment and control group methodology to Current Population Survey data, the author finds that there were large shifts in the employment and pay practices of the industries most affected by the amendment. The timing of the relative gains and their concentration by industry and region provide evidence that the EEOA had a positive impact on the labor market status of African-Americans.

Equal Employment Opportunity and Policewomen in Australia*

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Prenzler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Career Option ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
Proactive Measures ◽  
The Impact

Limited statistics make for difficulties in producing a clear picture of the impact of equal employment opportunity policies in Australian police services. Available figures indicate that pre-entry physical ability tests are a significant source of attrition of aspiring policewomen. Women also appear to be disproportionately more likely to separate as a result of maternal obligations, and report higher incidents of sexual harassment and sex discrimination in promotion and deployment. Considering the historical marginalisation of women in policing, Australian police services have made large steps forward in reducing discrimination in a relatively short period of time. Improvements can nonetheless be made in making policing a more viable career option for women, and recruiting appears to be the main area where proactive measures are needed.

The Gates of Opportunity

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-218
Author(s):  
Eric Fenrich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Disadvantaged People

Eric Fenrich studies the efforts of Black activists and NASA to increase minority educational access that would lead to greater participation in the space program. According to Fenrich, the concurrence of the civil rights movement and the American space program reveal the two primary methods by which the advocates in the modern era have sought to advance the interests of African Americans. First, a negative project: the removal of formal barriers to the exercise of rights, more specifically, ending discriminatory practices in Equal Employment Opportunity and education. Second, more positive efforts, such as equal employment opportunities or affirmative action, that place opportunities within the reach of historically disadvantaged people. Fenrich also examines the fallout over James C. Fletcher’s firing of Ruth Bates Harris.

NASA, the Association of Huntsville Area Contractors, and Equal Employment Opportunity in the Rocket City, 1963–1965

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-142
Author(s):  
Brian C. Odom
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Racial Dialogue

Brian Odom surveys the implementation of Equal Employment Opportunity at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Odom contends that Marshall’s strategy focused on recruiting qualified African American engineering students outside Alabama and developing a partnership with the Association of Huntsville Area Contractors (AHAC) locally. By serving as both a catalyst for technical educational programs in the Huntsville community and clearinghouse for job opportunities and racial dialogue, AHAC facilitated a modicum of progress toward minority gains. During the civil rights movement, local activists such as Dr. Sonnie Hereford III and aerospace executives, including Brown Engineering Company’s Milton K. Cummings, brokered “backroom” agreements meant to improve Alabama’s “image” problem.

Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-60
Author(s):  
William Lazonick ◽  
Philip Moss ◽  
Joshua Weitz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Great Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Employment ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
The 1960S

As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind. In this installment of our “Fifty Years After” project, we sketch a long-term historical perspective on the Black employment experience from the last decades of the nineteenth century into the 1970s. We follow the transition from the cotton economy of the post-slavery South to the migration that accelerated during World War I as large numbers of Blacks sought employment in mass-production industries in Northern cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. For the interwar decades, we focus in particular on the Black employment experience in the Detroit automobile industry. During World War II, especially under pressure from President Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, Blacks experienced tangible upward employment mobility, only to see much of it disappear with demobilization. In the 1960s and into the 1970s, however, supported by the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Blacks made significant advances in employment opportunity, especially by moving up the blue-collar occupational hierarchy into semiskilled and skilled unionized jobs. These employment gains for Blacks occurred within a specific historical context that included a) strong demand for blue-collar and clerical labor in the U.S. mass-production industries, which still dominated in global competition; b) the unquestioned employment norm within major U.S. business corporations of a career with one company, supported at the blue-collar level by mass-production unions that had become accepted institutions in the U.S. business system; c) the upward intergenerational mobility of white households from blue-collar employment requiring no more than a high-school education to white-collar employment requiring a higher education, creating space for Blacks to fill the blue-collar void; and d) a relative absence of an influx of immigrants as labor-market competition to Black employment. As we will document in the remaining papers in this series, from the 1980s these conditions changed dramatically, resulting in erosion of the blue-collar gains that Blacks had achieved in the 1960s and 1970s as the Great Society promise of equal employment opportunity for all Americans disappeared.

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