Women Workers: Working Hours and Services.

Sara Gamm; Viola Klein

doi:10.2307/2521212

Harassment of women garment workers in Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7940 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 291-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F Begum ◽

RN Ali ◽

MA Hossain ◽

Sonia B Shahid

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Working Hours ◽

Job Dissatisfaction ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Working Hours ◽

Garment Workers ◽

Female Workers ◽

Garment Factories ◽

Distance Travel ◽

Long Distance Travel

The study analyzed the different factors that are responsible for the harassment of women garment workers in Bangladesh. Three garment factories from Mirpur area under Dhaka district were selected purposively where garment factories are available. The sample consisted of 90 women workers taking 30 randomly from each of the three garment factories. Female workers are mostly employed at the lower category of jobs like operator, finishing helper, polyer etc. These jobs are very monotonous in nature. Because of the nature of their jobs, female workers sometimes lose interest in work and become depressed. A large number of female workers received low and irregular wages which create their job dissatisfaction. Only 22 female workers earned salary between Tk. 2700 to Tk. 3000 per month. Female workers are sexually harassed by their co-workers in the factory or by police or by mastans in the street. Communication problem is a major problem faced by most of the female garment workers. A long distance travel is not only physical strenuous but also mentally stressful. Their overtime rate is very low. Long working hours result in a number of illnesses and diseases like headache, eye trouble, ear ache, musculoskeletal pain etc. Women are exploited easily due to lack of technical knowledge and training. The employers do not pay any heed to this exploitation. Keywords: Garment industry; Women workers; Harassment DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v8i2.7940 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 8(2): 291-296, 2010

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Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan

Administrative Law & Governance Journal ◽

10.14710/alj.v2i1.34-46 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 34-46

Author(s):

Kanyaka Prajnaparamita

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Women Workers ◽

Labor Market Outcomes ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Working Hours ◽

Physical Security ◽

Application Process ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Female Workers ◽

The Republic

Social policies designed to protect female workers that worked at night and promote equality in the workplace have a controversial effect on labor market outcomes. Restrictions on working hours and pregnancy benefits stipulated in applicable laws help protect the responsibilities of women workers who work at night for their families and ensure their physical security, but this regulation can raise doubts about the safety of women working at night. Protection of female workers has been regulated in the Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and Decree of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Article 76. In addition, the regulation is also regulated in the Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia No. Kep 224 / Men / 2003 regulates the obligations of employers who employ female workers or laborers, where the application process is carried out directly by the employer through a work agreement between employers and workers which is then supervised by the authorized agency. Keywords: Legal Protection, Women, Working at Night Abstrak Kebijakan sosial yang dirancang untuk melindungi pekerja perempuan yang bekerja di malam hari dan mempromosikan kesetaraan di tempat kerja memiliki efek kontroversial pada hasil pasar kerja. Pembatasan jam kerja dan tunjangan kehamilan yang diatur dalam undang-undang yang berlaku membantu melindungi tanggung jawab pekerja perempuan yang bekerja di malam hari terhadap keluarganya dan memastikan keamanan fisik mereka, tetapi peraturan ini dapat menimbulkan keraguan terhadap keamanan perempuan yang bekerja pada malam hari. Perlindungan terhadap tenagakerja perempuan telah diatur dalam undang-undang yakni Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan dan Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Pasal 76. Selain itu, pengaturannya diatur juga dalam Transmigrasi RI No.Kep 224/Men/2003 mengatur kewajiban pengusaha yang memperkerjakan pekerja atau buruh perempuan, dimana proses penerapanya dilakukan langsung oleh pengusaha lewat perjanjian kerja antara pengusaha dengan tenaga kerja yang kemudian diawasi oleh instansi yang berwenang. Kata Kunci : Perlindungan Hukum, Perempuan, Bekerja di Malam Hari

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Family friendly policies and the Omani Labour Law

Employee Relations ◽

10.1108/er-09-2018-0245 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 315-348

Author(s):

Shweta Belwal ◽

Rakesh Belwal ◽

Suhaila Ebrahim Al-Hashemi

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Private Sector ◽

Working Hours ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Labour Law ◽

Content Type ◽

Gcc Countries ◽

Family Friendly ◽

Workplace Policies ◽

The Government

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to take cognisance of the work–life balance (WLB) challenges facing working women in Oman, make a review of the family-friendly policies (FFPs), related provisions in labour laws of various nations, and identify and suggest some FFP-based solutions for attracting women to private sector jobs. Design/methodology/approach Initially, desk research was used to review the labour laws of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and some pioneering countries known for their workplace policies using the major electronic databases and official websites. An exploratory approach was used to understand the lived experience of participants using 46 in-depth interviews. The data were analysed and the findings were explained and contextualised in terms of the Arab culture, wider social processes and consequences related to WLB. Findings The interviews revealed that the majority of women in the private sector are not fully aware of the labour laws and FFPs, and are not satisfied with the existing policies, as they do not provide the right WLB. Women in the private sector demand flexible working hours, privacy at work, reduced work hours and certain other benefits akin to the government sector. Omani Labour Law needs a review of FFPs in line with the best global practices and Oman’s diversification initiatives. The provision, awareness and implementation of FFPs in the workplace are necessary to attract Omani women to private sector jobs. Research limitations/implications This research focusses on Oman in particular and GCC countries in general in its coverage of Omani women workers. The outcomes would be important for the specific segment but would have limited potential to generalise. Practical implications The study of WLB and FFPs is of interest for both academia and industry globally. In its strategic vision 2040, Oman aims to encourage, support and develop the private sector to drive the national economy. To retain and boost the socio-economic development in the post-oil economy, the success of the private sector will depend on the participation of the Omani workforce. The role of working Omani women will be pivotal, for they form a substantial part of the skilled human resources inventory. Social implications Women working in Oman are influenced by labour laws, organisational culture, traditional attitudes and societal values and influences. The voices of women working in the private sector indicate a great need to create awareness of existing policies, ensure their compliance and devise additional workplace policies to enable women to contribute to the labour market. Originality/value There is a dearth of studies examining work policies and employment of women in the context of Oman in particular and the GCC Countries in general. Even in the extant literature, the sectoral imbalance between the government and private sector has not been explored from the perspective of WLB and FFPs. This study presents a unique approach and findings in this regard.

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Awareness and incidents of occupational health hazards among female workers of small scale food processing units of Punjab state

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v11i1.1915 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

Ritu Gupta ◽

Deepika Bisht

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Occupational Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Food Processing ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Working Hours ◽

Face Mask ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Small Scale ◽

Female Workers

Female workers have to work both in the industry as well as at the home to meet their family’s daily need. The work pattern in food processing units is very repetitive and exposes workers to several health risks. Lack of protective clothing and equipment also exposes workers’ health to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) hazards and diseases, thereby reducing their efficiency and productivity. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to explore the awareness and incidents of occupational health hazards among female workers of small scale food processing units. The study was carried out on 30 women workers engaged in small scale food processing units. The sample was randomly selected from five randomly selected food processing units of Punjab state. Personal interview method, using an interview schedule, and observation technique were adopted to collect the relevant data. Results revealed that most of the respondents were aware about many of the occupational health hazards related to their work and all the respondents were suffering from muscle pain and discomfort because of working in awkward posture for long working hours. Majority (85 %) of the respondents were aware about the regular use of Personal Protective Equipment/Clothing (PPE/PPC) at workplace, but only 33.3 per cent were using apron, 36.7 per cent were using gloves, 26.7 per cent were using face mask and 40 per cent were using head cover at the workplace. Also because of the pain in the lower back of the respondents, many of their routine activities got affected. The present study highlighted the occupational health hazards faced by the workers of small scale food processing units and the causes of health hazards. It will be beneficial for the workers and the employers of food processing units to take preventive measures to avoid or reduce any health risks at the workplace.

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KONTRIBUSI WANITA DALAM AKTIVITAS EKONOMI DAN RUMAH TANGGA KABUPATEN MALANG

Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics ◽

10.22219/jibe.vol6.no1.17-26 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Dwi Eko Waluyo ◽

Uci Yuliati

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Women Workers ◽

Junior High School ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Working Hours ◽

Educational Background ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Family Economy ◽

The Village

This study was conducted to discover the women contribution on the dynamics of village economic activities. It was a very interesting topic to discuss since most of women in the village have low educational background and always directed to be workers. The respondents of this project were 51 housemaids who were selected by employing purposive sampling technique. Subsequently, the data which consisted of variables in the form of individual characteristics, earnings, and working hours were analyzed using cross-tabulation. The results showed that the majority of women workers' education is elementary school (47.1%), junior high school (37.3%), senior high school (7.8%) and they were mostly less than 45 years old. In conclusion, women's income had contributed well to meet the expectations of family economy with average wage was 350,000 rupiah per month for 8 work hours per day.

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RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO E DESIGUALDADES DE GÊNERO NA INDÚSTRIA TÊXTIL E DE CONFECÇÕES DO NORDESTE

Caderno CRH ◽

10.9771/ccrh.v33i0.38029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 020030

Author(s):

Elaine Bezerra ◽

Roseli De Fátima Corteletti ◽

Iara Maria de Araújo

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Working Hours ◽

Clothing Industry ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Sexual Division Of Labor ◽

First Case ◽

Conditions De Travail ◽

Dominant Society ◽

And Gender

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar duas realidades de trabalho marcadas pela flexibilidade e precariedade, e com presença de uma força de trabalho intensiva de mulheres, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A primeira, envolve mulheres que atuam como costureiras externas em facções domiciliares do Polo de Confecções do Agreste Pernambucano. Na segunda, temos o protagonismo feminino interno à produção têxtil no município de Jardim de Piranhas-RN. A divisão sexual do trabalho apresenta uma centralidade em ambas as experiências, seja reforçando os lugares clássicos que homens e mulheres ocupam na produção e na reprodução, seja apresentando questões novas. Foram realizadas visitas e entrevistas nos dois contextos produtivos, o que permitiu um contato com as experiências de trabalho das mulheres. No primeiro caso, o trabalho domiciliar significa a busca por autonomia e liberdade, no qual temos também a entrada dos homens na atividade de costura. No segundo, as mulheres tornam-se proprietárias de teares e a presença dos homens ainda é pequena. No entanto, esses fatores não repercutiram positivamente nas desigualdades de gênero, uma vez que as tarefas domésticas permanecem inalteradas e, mesmo com as longas jornadas de trabalho, elas não percebem as condições desiguais. WORK RELATIONS AND GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE NORTHEAST TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRYThe aim of this article is to analyze two realities of work, marked by flexibility and precariousness and with an intensive workforce of women in the northeastern region of Brazil. The first involves women seamstresses in household factions of the Confections Pole of the Agreste of Pernambuco State. In the second, we have the female protagonism within the textile production in the municipality of Jardim de Piranhas-RN.The sexual division of labor is central to both experiences, either by reinforcing the classic places that men and women occupy in production and reproduction, or by presenting new issues.Visits and interviews were carried out in the two productive contexts, which allowed contact with the labor experiences of women. In the first case, home work means the search for autonomy and freedom, where we also have the entry of men in sewing. In the second, women become owners of looms and the presence of men is still small. However, these factors did not have a positive impact on gender inequalities, since domestic chores remain unchanged and even with long working hours, women workers do not perceive themselves as people generated in an oppressive and dominant society and in unequal conditions at work.Keywords: Textile and clothing industry. Female work. Gender inequalities. Informality. Precarious work. RELATIONS DE TRAVAIL ET INÉGALITÉS DE GENRE DANS L’INDUSTRIE NORD-EST DU TEXTILE ET DES VÊTEMENTSL’objectif de cet article est d’analyser deux réalités du travail, marquées par la flexibilité et la précarité et avec une main-d’œuvre intensive de femmes dans la région nord-est du Brésil. Le premier concerne les femmes couturières des factions ménagères du Pôle Confections d’Agreste de l’état de Pernambuco. Dans le second, nous avons le protagonisme féminin au sein de la production textile dans la municipalité de Jardim de Piranhas-RN. La division sexuelle du travail est au cœur des deux expériences, soit en renforçant les places classiques qu’occupent les hommes et les femmes dans la production et la reproduction, soit en présentant de nouvelles problématiques .Des visites et des entretiens ont été réalisés dans les deux contextes productifs, ce qui a permis un contact avec les expériences de travail des femmes. Dans le premier cas, le travail à domicile signifie la recherche d’autonomie et de liberté, où l’on a aussi l’entrée des hommes dans la couture. Dans le second, les femmes deviennent propriétaires de métiers à tisser et la présence des hommes est encore faible. Cependant, ces facteurs n’ont pas eu d’impact positif sur les inégalités entre les sexes, car les tâches domestiques restent inchangées et même avec de longues heures de travail, femmes qui travaillent ne se perçoivent pas comme des personnes générées dans une société oppressive et dominante et dans des conditions de travail inégales.Mots-clés: Industrie textile et habillement. Travail féminin. Inégalités entre les sexes. Informalité. Travail précaire.

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A descriptive study to explore working conditions and childcare practices among informal women workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: identifying opportunities to support childcare for mothers in informal work

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-019-1737-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Christiane Horwood ◽

Lyn Haskins ◽

Laura Alfers ◽

Zandile Masango-Muzindutsi ◽

Richard Dobson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Women Workers ◽

Informal Economy ◽

Working Hours ◽

Domestic Workers ◽

Rural Site ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Informal Work ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Informal Traders

Abstract Background Although women working in the informal economy are a large and vulnerable group, little is known about infant feeding and childcare practices among these women. The aim of this study was to explore childcare practices among mothers in informal work. Methods A cross-sectional survey among mothers with children aged < 2 years working in the informal economy in an urban and a rural site in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Results A total of 247 interviews were conducted with 170 informal traders and 77 domestic workers. Most mothers lived with their child (225/247, 91.1%), had initiated breastfeeding (208/247; 84.2%) and many were still breastfeeding (112/247; 45.3%). Among 96 mothers who had stopped breastfeeding, the most common reason was returning to work (34/96; 35.4%). Many mothers relied on family members, particularly grandmothers, to care for their child while they were working (103/247, 41.7%) but some mothers took their child with them to work (70/247; 28.1%). Few fathers participated in the care of their child: 54 mothers (21.9%) reported that the father had ever looked after the child while she was away from home. Domestic workers were less likely than informal traders to take their child to work (p = 0.038). Women reported receiving a salary from an informal employer (119), or being own-account workers (120) or being unpaid/paid in kind (8). Most participants were in stable work (> 4 years) with regular working hours, but received very low pay. Domestic workers were more likely than informal traders to have regular working hours (p = 0.004), and to be earning >$240 per month (p = 0.003). Mothers reported high levels of food insecurity for themselves and their child: 153 mothers (61.9%) reported having missed a meal in the past month due to lack of resources to buy food, and 88 (35.6%) mothers reported that their child had missed a meal for this reason. Conclusion This study provides a preliminary description of informal women workers who, despite having stable work, are vulnerable, low paid and food insecure. These women may require support to provide optimal childcare and nutrition for their children.

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Work Place Related Issues in Health Sector: An Empirical Study With Reference To Selected Hospitals

American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research ◽

10.46281/aijmsr.v1i1.178 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

K. Roja ◽

G. D.V. Kusuma ◽

B. Ravi Kumar

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Health Sector ◽

National Development ◽

Working Women ◽

Working Hours ◽

Work Place ◽

General Level ◽

Work Related ◽

Personal Level ◽

The Government

The condition of working women in India as well as in the entire world in general is considered to be very distressing. Working women in general are subject to discrimination at various levels. The problems and difficulties of working women are multi-dimensional, varying from woman to woman at personal level, and section to section at general level and hence need to be analyzed in depth. There are very serious problems of wages, employment, income and standard of living and sexual harassment among working women. They are not able to get any advantage of social security schemes. Due to their ignorance and illiteracy they are not benefited from present welfare schemes. There has indeed been a growing realization that the women workers form an integral part of the process of national development. This has made the government make continuous effort to give women workers a better deal in spheres of work and to recognize their contribution to the socio-economic development of the Country. However, what has been done remains a drop in the ocean and the women worker remain exploited and unprotected working hours, conditions of work, wages, types of job and other situation is still not favorable to women workers. Women workers have many problems and problems of working women are more serious and server. The present study is an attempt to portray the work related issues in selected hospitals (i.e. GEMS, KIMS, RIMS, GMR).

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Gender Differences in Commuting Injuries in Spain and Their Impact on Injury Prevention

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/3834827 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Miguel A. Camino López ◽

Óscar J. González Alcántara ◽

Ignacio Fontaneda

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Women Workers ◽

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Working Hours ◽

Occupational Accidents ◽

Great Effort ◽

Gender Analysis ◽

Accident Rate

A gender analysis of workers injured while commuting in Spain is presented, distinguishing between injury due to traffic-related accidents and injury due to other causes. Method. A total of 266,646 traffic-related injuries and 168,129 nontraffic-related injuries are studied over the period 2006–2010. Results. In Spain, the accident rate recorded in working hours is much higher among men; nevertheless, it is curious that commuting-related accident rates are higher among women than men, in both traffic-related injuries and nontraffic-related injuries. The study of the frequency distribution confirmed that many more injuries occurred in Spain while commuting to work rather than from work and that women suffered twice as many injuries as men at nine in the morning. Musculoskeletal disorders are the only injuries that registered a higher number of cases among women and falls to the same level are the most relevant cause among women. Conclusions. The analysis of these and more findings established that a great effort should go into the promotion of preventive measures in favour of women workers. These results may encourage companies to modify their accident prevention plans, so as to increase their effectiveness in the struggle against occupational accidents following the five points described in this article.

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The Impact of `Work Choices' on Women in Low Paid Employment in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis

Journal of Industrial Relations ◽

10.1177/0022185608090001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 475-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Barbara Pocock ◽

Jude Elton ◽

Alison Preston ◽

Sara Charlesworth ◽

Fiona MacDonald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Working Hours ◽

Job Security ◽

Working Time ◽

Employee Voice ◽

Workplace Relations ◽

Unfair Dismissal ◽

The Impact ◽

Work Choices

This article summarizes the effects of the Howard Government's `Work Choices' amendments to the Workplace Relations Act 1996, based on qualitative analysis of its impact on 121 low paid women workers. The main effects of the regulatory changes are on job security, income, voice, working time and redundancy pay. The analysis draws attention to the nexus between protection from unfair dismissal and security of working time and employee voice: many of those interviewed in the study had lost access to protection from unfair dismissal and as a consequence could no longer effectively influence their working hours, or request flexibility. Employer prerogative was perceived to have strengthened in many of their workplaces, with consequences for the intensity of work. The analysis suggests that improvements in minimum standards and job security are vital if low paid workers like those included in the study are to exercise voice over working time and avoid significant deteriorations in their pay and conditions.

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