General Aspects of the Brain Anatomy of the Feeble-Minded

1918 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Southard
Keyword(s):  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Content-Based Estimation of Brain MRI Tilt in Three Orthogonal Directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Prabhu ◽  
A. K. Karunakar ◽  
Sanjib Sinha ◽  
N. Mariyappa ◽  
G. K. Bhargava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Tilt Correction ◽  
Brain Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn a general scenario, the brain images acquired from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may experience tilt, distorting brain MR images. The tilt experienced by the brain MR images may result in misalignment during image registration for medical applications. Manually correcting (or estimating) the tilt on a large scale is time-consuming, expensive, and needs brain anatomy expertise. Thus, there is a need for an automatic way of performing tilt correction in three orthogonal directions (X, Y, Z). The proposed work aims to correct the tilt automatically by measuring the pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle in X-axis, Z-axis, and Y-axis, respectively. For correction of the tilt around the Z-axis (pointing to the superior direction), image processing techniques, principal component analysis, and similarity measures are used. Also, for correction of the tilt around the X-axis (pointing to the right direction), morphological operations, and tilt correction around the Y-axis (pointing to the anterior direction), orthogonal regression is used. The proposed approach was applied to adjust the tilt observed in the T1- and T2-weighted MR images. The simulation study with the proposed algorithm yielded an error of 0.40 ± 0.09°, and it outperformed the other existing studies. The tilt angle (in degrees) obtained is ranged from 6.2 ± 3.94, 2.35 ± 2.61, and 5 ± 4.36 in X-, Z-, and Y-directions, respectively, by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed work corrects the tilt more accurately and robustly when compared with existing studies.

Contributions of Developmental Studies in the DogfishScyliorhinus caniculato the Brain Anatomy of Elasmobranchs: Insights on the Basal Ganglia

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui ◽  
Catalina Sueiro ◽  
Ivan Carrera ◽  
Susana Ferreiro-Galve ◽  
Gabriel Santos-Durán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
The Brain

Anatomy of the Brain

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Sumit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
Associated Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuroanatomy is a specific branch within neuroscience that deals with brain anatomy. Its broad area includes the brain structure, organization, and localization/networks of the nervous system. It also helps in understanding the sensorimotor systems, along with associated function like learning, behavior, vision, attention, language, and so on. In the present chapter, the author comprehensively discussed the brain basic morphology, architecture, and also some functional aspects of the brain. At the end of this chapter, the author included the tool and techniques used in the study of brain anatomy so that student can learn and understand the topic clearly.

scholarly journals Radon Exposure and Neurodegenerative Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7439
Author(s):  
Silvia Gómez-Anca ◽  
Juan Miguel Barros-Dios
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Motor Neuron Diseases ◽  
Radon Exposure ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Background: To carry out a systematic review of scientific literature about the association between radon exposure and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: We performed a bibliographic search in the following databases: Pub med (Medline), Cochrane, BioMed Central and Web of Science. We collected the data by following a predetermined search strategy in which several terms werecombined. After an initial search, 77 articles were obtained.10 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Five of these 10 studies were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), 2 were about motor neuron diseases (MND), in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 3 were related to both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Results: The majority of the included articles, suggested a possible association between radon exposure and a subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the studies that obtained statistically significant resultsrevealed a possible association between radon exposure and an increase in MS prevalence. Furthermore, it was also suggested that radon exposure increases MND and AD mortality. Regarding AD and PD, it was observed that certainde cay products of radon-222 (222Rn), specifically polonium-210 (210Po) and bismuth-210 (210Bi), present a characteristic distributionpattern within the brain anatomy. However, the study with the highest scientific evidence included in this review, which investigated a possible association between the concentration of residential radon gas and the MS incidence, revealed no significant results. Conclusions: It cannot be concluded, although it is observed, that there is a possible causal association between radon exposure and neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the available studies are ecological so, studies of higher statistical evidence are needed to establish a causal relationship. Further research is needed on this topic.

The brain anatomy of an early Miocene felid from Ginn Quarry (Nebraska, USA)

PalZ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
George A. Lyras ◽  
Aggeliki Giannakopoulou ◽  
Lars Werdelin
Keyword(s):  
Early Miocene ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
The Brain

Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: a MRI study

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
SASKIA J. M. C. PALMEN ◽  
HILLEKE E. HULSHOFF POL ◽  
CHANTAL KEMNER ◽  
HUGO G. SCHNACK ◽  
MARGRIET M. SITSKOORN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
The Brain

Background. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated genetic origin of 90%. Previous studies have reported an increase in brain volume of approximately 5% in autistic subjects, especially in children. If this increase in brain volume is genetically determined, biological parents of autistic probands might be expected to show brain enlargement, or at least intracranial enlargement, as well. Identifying structural brain abnormalities under genetic control is of particular importance as these could represent endophenotypes of autism.Method. Using quantitative anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging, volumes of intracranial, total brain, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe, cerebral and cortical gray and white matter, cerebellum, lateral ventricle, and third ventricle were measured in biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands (19 couples) and in healthy, closely matched control subjects (20 couples).Results. No significant differences were found between the parents of the autistic probands and healthy control couples in any of the brain volumes. Adding gender as a factor in a second analysis did not reveal a significant interaction effect of gender by group.Conclusions. The present sample of biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands did not show brain enlargements. As the intracranium is not enlarged, it is unlikely that the brain volumes of the parents of autistic probands have originally been enlarged and have been normalized. Thus, increased brain volume in autism might be caused by the interaction of paternal and maternal genes, possibly with an additional effect of environmental factors, or increased brain volumes might reflect phenotypes of autism.

scholarly journals Molecular and morphological analysis of the developing nemertean brain indicates convergent evolution of complex brains in Spiralia

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwik Gąsiorowski ◽  
Aina Børve ◽  
Irina A. Cherneva ◽  
Andrea Orús-Alcalde ◽  
Andreas Hejnol
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The brain anatomy in the clade Spiralia can vary from simple, commissural brains (e.g., gastrotrichs, rotifers) to rather complex, partitioned structures (e.g., in cephalopods and annelids). How often and in which lineages complex brains evolved still remains unclear. Nemerteans are a clade of worm-like spiralians, which possess a complex central nervous system (CNS) with a prominent brain, and elaborated chemosensory and neuroglandular cerebral organs, which have been previously suggested as homologs to the annelid mushroom bodies. To understand the developmental and evolutionary origins of the complex brain in nemerteans and spiralians in general, we investigated details of the neuroanatomy and gene expression in the brain and cerebral organs of the juveniles of nemertean Lineus ruber. Results In the juveniles, the CNS is already composed of all major elements present in the adults, including the brain, paired longitudinal lateral nerve cords, and an unpaired dorsal nerve cord, which suggests that further neural development is mostly related with increase in the size but not in complexity. The ultrastructure of the juvenile cerebral organ revealed that it is composed of several distinct cell types present also in the adults. The 12 transcription factors commonly used as brain cell type markers in bilaterians show region-specific expression in the nemertean brain and divide the entire organ into several molecularly distinct areas, partially overlapping with the morphological compartments. Additionally, several of the mushroom body-specific genes are expressed in the developing cerebral organs. Conclusions The dissimilar expression of molecular brain markers between L. ruber and the annelid Platynereis dumerilii indicates that the complex brains present in those two species evolved convergently by independent expansions of non-homologous regions of a simpler brain present in their last common ancestor. Although the same genes are expressed in mushroom bodies and cerebral organs, their spatial expression within organs shows apparent differences between annelids and nemerteans, indicating convergent recruitment of the same genes into patterning of non-homologous organs or hint toward a more complicated evolutionary process, in which conserved and novel cell types contribute to the non-homologous structures.

scholarly journals Paleo-oscillomics: inferring aspects of Neanderthal language abilities from gene regulation of neural oscillations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Murphy ◽  
Antonio Benítez-Burraco
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Frequency Coupling ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
Cross Frequency Coupling ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Core Features

AbstractLanguage seemingly evolved from changes in brain anatomy and wiring. We argue that language evolution can be better understood if particular changes in phasal and cross-frequency coupling properties of neural oscillations, resulting in core features of language, are considered. Because we cannot track the oscillatory activity of the brain from extinct hominins, we used our current understanding of the language oscillogenome (that is, the set of genes responsible for basic aspects of the oscillatory activity relevant for language) to infer some properties of the Neanderthal oscillome. We have found that several candidates for the language oscillogenome show differences in their methylation patterns between Neanderthals and humans. We argue that differences in their expression levels could be informative of differences in cognitive functions important for language.

scholarly journals Neurocircuitry of the nicotinic cholinergic system

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Neuronal Communication ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Static View ◽  
Natural Alkaloid ◽  
The Brain

Continuing to discover how the brain works is one of the great challenges ahead of us. Although understanding the brain anatomy and its functional organization provided a first and indispensable foundation, it became clear that a static view was insufficient. To understand the complexity of neuronal communication, it is necessary to examine the chemical nature of the neurotransmission and, using the example of the acetylcholine receptors, follow the different layers of networks that can be distinguished. The natural alkaloid nicotine contained in tobacco leaves acts as an agonist with a subclass of acetylcholine receptors, and provides an interesting tool to approach brain functions. Analysis of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are ligand gated channels, revealed that these receptors are expressed at different critical locations on the neurons including the synaptic boutons, neurites, cell bodies, and even on the axons. These receptors can modulate the activity at the microcircuit synaptic level, in the cell processing of information, and, by acting on the velocity of action potential, the synchrony of communication between brain areas. These actions at multiple levels of brain organization provide an example of the complexity of brain neurocircuitry and an illustration of the relevance of this knowledge for psychiatry.

scholarly journals Primary sensory cortices are anatomically organized according to physical distance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Mattek
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Continuum

Sensations from the surface of the skin, which physically divides what is internal versus external to our bodies, also divides the cerebral cortex into front and back. The sensory cortices are anatomically organized in a way that reflects our conception of a physical internal/external spatial continuum, such that as we move more posterior in the brain, we find sensory domains that attend further out in physical space. This framework suggests physical space is an organizing principal for both conscious experience and brain anatomy.

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