Foreign Trade and Tsarist Policy before World War I: An Exchange

Slavic Review ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-266
Author(s):  
John P. Sontag
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
The Face ◽  
Freedom Of Action

Over a decade ago I published an article in this journal which discussed the factors underlying the freedom of action which tsarist diplomacy displayed in the years prior to World War I. The article resulted from a conviction that it was necessary to account for Russian freedom of action in the face of the traditional interpretation that foreign debts had greatly restricted Russian diplomatic independence.

“In My Extremity I Turned to Gandhi”: American Pacifists, Christianity, and Gandhian Nonviolence, 1915–1941

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilah C. Danielson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
World War ◽  
Reinhold Niebuhr ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nonviolent Direct Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race

American pacifists first heard of Mohandas Gandhi and his struggles in South Africa and India after World War I. Although they admired his opposition to violence, they were ambivalent about non-violent resistance as a method of social change. As heirs to the Social Gospel, they feared that boycotts and civil disobedience lacked the spirit of love and goodwill that made social redemption possible. Moreover, American pacifists viewed Gandhi through their own cultural lens, a view that was often distorted by Orientalist ideas about Asia and Asians. It was only in the 1930s, when Reinhold Niebuhr and other Christian realists charged that pacifism was impotent in the face of social injustice, that they began to reassess Gandhian nonviolence. By the 1940s, they were using nonviolent direct action to protest racial discrimination and segregation, violations of civil liberties, and the nuclear arms race.

Governments and Authorities in Exile

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
British Government ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
The Face ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Special Circumstances

The governments-in-exile present new problems created by the special circumstances of this war. During World War I, belligerent occupation played an important rôle. Disregarding smaller incidents, the following occupations may be mentioned: that of Belgium and parts of France by German troops; parts of White Russia by Austro-Hungarian troops; of Serbia and Macedonia by German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops; of Rumania by German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops; of parts of Italy by Austro-Hungarian and German troops; of parts of Austria by Russian troops; of parts of Alsace-Lorraine by French troops; and of Palestine by British troops. As a result of the invasion of its territories the Belgian Government exercised its functions in Sainte-Adresse, France, and the Serbian Government in Corfu, Greece, but it is not known that the activity of these sovereignties-in-exile has raised any significant legal problems. Since 1940 an increasing number of governments have been forced to flee their homelands in the face of hostile armed forces and have been invited by the British Government to establish themselves in the United Kingdom. We have now a “Miniature Europe” in London. There are at present eight foreign governments in England: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Yugoslavia.

Saving Private Ryan: Realism and the Enigma of Head-Wounds

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Roberts
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
The Body ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Large Section ◽  
The Face ◽  
Set Up ◽  
As If

AbstractIn Ernst Friedrich's Krieg dem Kriege there is a large section of photographs of survivors of World War I with the most hideous disfigurements of the face: jaws are missing, gaping slashes stare out where mouths should be. Friedrich leaves this gallery of ‘untouchables’ to the end of the book as if to achieve the maximum debasement of military glory and heroism. The head and face are obviously the most vulnerable part of the body in warfare – brutal wounds to the face and decapitations are common. In World War I, a number of hospitals were set up to deal solely with head-wounds, developing the basis of what we now know as plastic surgery. Yet, in the representation of combat on screen, even in the most candid and unsentimental of war films, such as Hamburger Hill and Platoon, injuries to the face are rare or nonexistent. This absence has something to do with the difficulty of producing convincing prosthetic wound-cavities on the head; blown-off limbs can obviously be created with ease through covering up the actor's extant limb with padded clothing; bloody disembowellings can be simulated with the judicious use of imitation innards and the illusionistic application of broken flesh, and so on. But the problems of modelling head-wounds clearly only half-explain the consistency of the absence.

The life and afterlife of French WWI songs: National identity then and now

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Beverly J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Face ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Popular Ballads

Wartime music provides clear testimonial to the importance of melody and text in times of conflict. In the case of the Great War, which introduced the world to weapons of nightmarish capability, carefree popular ballads often stood shoulder to shoulder with sombre lyrics that called attention to the tragedy unfolding in the trenches. The first part of this article surveys the themes of French songs of the WWI era itself, such as ‘Ah! C’est la guerre’, ‘La Madelon’ and ‘La Chanson de Craonne’. The second concentrates on ‘La Madelon’, which underwent numerous transformations in response to events during the interwar years and World War II. The final section explores why the Great War took hold as a focus of French popular music in the late 1950s and continues to assert its presence to this day. A surprising number of contemporary artists have recorded World War I-themed songs, such as ‘La Guerre de 14–18’, ‘Jaurès’, ‘Verdun’, ‘Le No Man’s Land’, ‘Tranchée 1914’ and ‘La Chanson de Craonne’. What cultural phenomena might account for this in addition to the urge to memorialise? Examination of the internal and external forces that continue to fuel the ‘Grand débat sur l’identité nationale’ makes clear why songs of the Great War appeal to a citizenry determined to preserve the values of ‘Frenchness’ in the face of evolving demographics and increasing ‘Europeanisation’.

Managing Competition in German Coal, 1893–1913

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lon L. Peters
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
World War ◽  
Dynamic Markets ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Interference

The history of the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate before World War I demonstrates that a cartel can be established and maintained in the face of significant disintegrative forces, including many members, heterogeneous production and cost conditions, dynamic markets, competition from outside producers, and cheating. Opportunities for individualistic behavior, including contractual loopholes and horizontal combinations, combined with a collusive objective function that emphasized overall control and stability, allowed the cartel to survive for over two decades without government interference or support.

scholarly journals The Incongruous Self: Facing the Fallibility

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Gill
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
The Face ◽  
Secret Agent

In contrast to humor derived from incongruity between the reader's own expectations and perceptions in Joseph Conrad's "The Secret Agent," post-World War I literature is characterized by a internal incongruity wrought by the characters' own subjectivity. As the period following World War I fostered internal skepticism through recognition of one’s fallibility and faulty perspective, the characters’ discovery of their own incongruity fuels the transition from external to internal subjectivity in Kingsley Amis' "Lucky Jim" and Graham Greene's "Heart of the Matter." However, the contradiction manifests itself differently in each – via humor in "Lucky Jim" and tragedy in "The Heart of the Matter." More specifically, Lucky Jim’s Dixon represents the clash with absurdity through comical outward expression, while Scobie in The Heart of the Matter commits suicide in the face of his own contradiction.

World War I and its Aftermath

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville Kirk
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Labor Party ◽  
The Face

The final chapter considers the ways in which Mann’s and Ross’s commitments to labour-movement unity and wider working-class solidarity fared in the face of the highly divisive issues of war, militarism, imperialism, peace, patriotism, loyalism, internationalism, conscription, revolution and counter-revolution surrounding the period of World War One and its aftermath. It shows that while Mann and Ross continued to preach peace, opposition to the ‘imperialist’ war and conscription, Ross was far more active and outspoken in his anti-war activities than Mann and as a consequence suffered imprisonment and declining health. The pacifism of Ross, indeed, is to be contrasted with Mann’s commitment to taking the war to a successful conclusion against ‘Prussianism’. In 1917 both Mann and Ross welcomed the ‘emancipatory’ Russian Revolution and staunchly opposed the politics of counter-revolution and ‘loyalism’. Yet while Mann embraced communism, Ross found a home in the radicalised Australian Labor Party and rejected the Bolshevik model for democratic Australia. The case of Mann and Ross casts important new light upon the general issues of labour’s and workers’ attitudes to war and peace, revolution and reaction, patriotism and loyalism and communism and social democracy.

Trenches, Cadences, and Faces

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Nancy Sherman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Social Self ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Connectivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Wounds ◽  
In Parenthesis ◽  
Trench Warfare ◽  
Second World

Nancy Sherman examines the lived experience of World War I British soldiers engaged in trench warfare through David Jones’s epic war poem In Parenthesis and Pat Barker’s Toby’s Room. In Sherman’s telling, In Parenthesis demonstrates how the morale and social connectivity of a unit of soldiers is built through verbal and nonverbal interactions alike. Sherman demonstrates how Jones is able to convey these tendencies through the structure and meter of his poem, in concert with its lines. This is the before; Toby’s Room, the second novel in Pat Barker’s second World War I trilogy, addresses itself to the after. Tens of thousands of British soldiers suffered horrific facial wounds in World War I, often repaired or covered up in ways that made it impossible for the soldiers to display emotions or demonstrate motives. Sherman suggests that “to have a massively disfigured face is, in a sense, to lose a social self.” Hiding the face behind a mask, however palatable to the outside world, will never offer an adequate solution.

scholarly journals THE OTHER SIDE OF ARGENTINE FOREIGN TRADE: SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF IMPORTS, 1880-1913

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Rayes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War I ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

AbstractHistoriography has payed less attention to imports than exports from the last quarter of the nineteenth century to the beginning of World War I. On the one hand, this is explained by the crucial and more visible part that exports played in fostering economic growth. On the other, the reason why imports have been less studied is the high level of disaggregation of the data available. In this paper, we analyse the official Argentine statistics as the main source for a reconstruction of imports. Then, we recalculate the balance of trade using our corrected export series. Additionally, we propose a research agenda based on gaps in the specialised literature and the possibilities given by the use of the official statistics.

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